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Análisis

El Borrador del Modelo de TBI Holandés de 2018: Una evaluación crítica

El 16 de mayo de 2018, el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores holandés publicó su nuevo borrador del modelo de tratado bilateral de inversión (TBI) . El borrador del modelo, que estuvo a disposición para comentarios públicos hasta el 18 de junio de 2018, busca reemplazar el modelo de TBI de 2004 y ser utilizado para la renegociación de los 79 TBIs holandeses existentes con países no pertenecientes a la UE y para la negociación de acuerdos futuros.

Argumentos Contra el Financiamiento por Terceros en el Arbitraje de Inversión

El financiamiento de litigios por terceros (third-party litigation funding, TPF) es una industria en rápida expansión conformada por inversores especuladores que invierten en una demanda jurídica reclamando el control de un caso y una contingencia en la recuperación . Como consecuencia de la crisis financiara mundial y la demanda de financiamiento especulativo para crear nuevos vehículos de inversión, el TPF ha descubierto el régimen de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBIs) con sus mecanismos de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (por sus siglas en inglés, ISDS).

Haciendo que el Derecho a Regular en el Derecho de las Inversiones Trabaje para el Desarrollo: Reflexiones de las experiencias de Sudáfrica y Brasil

El derecho a regular puede ser definido como el derecho soberano de los Estados a regular en busca del interés público —su espacio de políticas. Debido a que los acuerdos internacionales de inversión (AIIs) fueron creados para limitar algunos aspectos del derecho a regular de los países, la primera ola de AIIs inhibió la experimentación regulatoria de los países receptores que podría perjudicar los derechos de los inversores extranjeros.

Conflictos entre Estados Latinoamericanos y Empresas Transnacionales: Los desafíos de la región frente a tratados de inversión asimétricos

Los posicionamientos políticos y las legislaciones en cuanto a las inversiones extranjeras han estado polarizadas en dos perspectivas contrapuestas. Por un lado, existe una suposición de que las inversiones extranjeras directas (IED) son esenciales para lograr que las economías de los países periféricos den un salto en su desarrollo, impulsando por lo tanto su promoción y hasta generando competencia entre los países para brindar mayores atractivos para ellas.

Achmea: ¿El Comienzo del Fin de la ISDS en y con Europa?

Los tratados y capítulos de inversiones actuales y futuros que involucran a los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea o a la propia Unión pueden verse profundamente afectados por una decisión histórica del Tribunal de Justicia Europeo (TJE). En este artículo, el autor examina la decisión desde un punto de vista constitucional de la UE y analiza las posibles consecuencias. ¿Fue la decisión de Achmea una sorpresa para los expertos legales en derecho de la UE?

Entrevista con Luis Guillermo Vélez – Director-General de la Agencia Nacional de Defensa Jurídica del Estado de Colombia

Durante nuestro XI Foro Anual de Negociadores de Inversión de Países en Desarrollo, entrevistamos a Luis Guillermo Vélez, Director General de la Agencia Nacional de Defensa Jurídica del Estado (ANDJE) de Colombia, para captar sus experiencias en negociaciones de inversión y disputas, sus expectativas para procesos de reforma de inversión y su punto de vista sobre el valor del Foro.

La Trayectoria Recorrida para un Tratado Vinculante de Derechos Humanos: Tres Años Han Pasado y ¿Hacia Dónde se Está Yendo?

Se deben proveer reparaciones significativas y efectivas a aquellos perjudicados por abusos a los derechos humanos relacionados con negocios. Un grupo de trabajo intergubernamental de las Naciones Unidas está trabajando para cerrar las brechas entre las partes interesadas y negociar un instrumento vinculante sobre empresas transnacionales y otras empresas con respecto a los derechos humanos.

Espacio Regulatorio del Gobierno en la Sombra de los TBIs: El Caso de la Reforma Regulatoria de los Recursos Naturales en Tanzania

Tanzania aprobó tres nuevas leyes en julio de 2017 que cambian significativamente el panorama regulatorio que rige los recursos naturales. Las reformas tienen como objetivo garantizar que la inversión extranjera beneficie a los ciudadanos tanzanos. Desde una perspectiva africana, este artículo argumenta que es hora de reconsiderar los regímenes de tratados de inversión para garantizar que no obstaculicen las reformas que tanto se necesitan.

Conferencia de Alto Nivel de la UNCTAD sobre los AIIs: Avanzando en el Abordaje de los Acuerdos Internacionales de Inversión de la Generación Anterior

Más de 300 expertos se reunieron en Ginebra para hacer un balance de la reforma orientada al desarrollo sostenible del régimen de tratados de inversión y analizar opciones de política para modernizar el inventario existente de tratados de la vieja generación. Los participantes reconocieron que la colaboración multilateral sería clave para abordar el complejo régimen de AII.

Reseña del Libro La Economía Política del Régimen de Tratados de Inversión

En su nuevo libro, Jonathan Bonnitcha, Lauge Poulsen y Michael Waibel desarrollan una estructura coherente para el análisis de políticas de los tratados de inversión que debería atraer interés mientras los gobiernos revisan sus políticas de tratados. Sostiene que los tratados de inversión tal como se aplican actualmente a menudo parecen estar mal adaptados para abordar inquietudes económicas identificables.

Una Mirada sobre la Lenta Aparición de China en Casos de ISDS

China ha mantenido fuertes flujos de inversión extranjera directa dentro y fuera del país y ha expandido su red de tratados de inversiones. Este artículo destaca la creciente aparición de China en los casos de ISDS en esta última década, tanto como Estado de origen como anfitrión.

¿Pueden los Inversores Extranjeros ser Responsabilizados por Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos? El Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y Más Allá

Los Estados anfitriones enfrentan el desafío de proteger a sus ciudadanos de violaciones de derechos humanos causadas por multinacionales. Este artículo explica las bases de las obligaciones de los Estados bajo el derecho internacional de derechos humanos y cómo inversores extranjeros pueden ser responsabilizados.

UNASUR Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes: Comments on the Draft Constitutive Agreement

The future operation of the investment dispute settlement facility of the Union of South American Nations is likely to generate scepticism, as it could undermine international standards in favour of regional parameters and lead to increased instability in the region. Alternatively, it could enhance the legitimacy and popularity of ISDS mechanisms in UNASUR member states. What are the procedural and substantive novelties contained in the Draft Constitutive Agreement?

Can EU Member States Still Negotiate BITs with Third Countries?

Foreign direct investment became part of the sphere of exclusive competence of the European Union in 2009. Since then, the European Commission has been negotiating investment treaties with a number of countries—as well as authorized several individual EU member states to negotiate BITs.

Mappinginvestmenttreaties.com: Uncovering the secrets of the investment treaty universe

Did you know that the United Kingdom’s treaty network is twice as consistent as that of Egypt or Pakistan? Have you noticed that 81 per cent of the TPP’s investment chapter is the same as the investment chapter in the U.S.–Colombia FTA, concluded ten years before, in 2006? Treating investment treaty texts as data can equip policy-makers, practitioners and researchers with a more sophisticated understanding of the universe of international investment agreements.

The Need for a Southern Observatory on Transnational Investment

The Observatory is an intergovernmental initiative to provide information and exchange of knowledge and experiences on investment arbitration. It also aims at creating equal conditions between investors and states so as to promote sustainable investment that respects state sovereignty.

Is ISDS in EU Trade Agreements Legal under EU Law?

Legality of investor–state dispute settlement (including in the form of an Investment Court System) in EU trade agreements under EU law is a contentious issue. This article details four legal objections raised by academics and legal experts, and discusses the potential for a legal challenge of ISDS under EU law.

TTIP and Climate Change: Low economic benefits, real climate risks

This week’s climate change negotiations should inform many spheres of global governance—including international trade and investment policy. One of the most important trade and investment agreements is the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)—currently under negotiation between the European Union and United States—given the role it will likely play in establishing rules for the global economy in the 21st century.

Does the Green Economy Need Investor–State Dispute Settlement?

Environmentalists have traditionally been among the staunchest critics of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). For those familiar with the litany of ISDS cases that have involved challenges to environmental regulations—ranging from bans on pesticides to efforts to save endangered species—the opposition to ISDS on the part of environmental non-governmental organizations and scholars is not difficult to […]

Safeguarding Sustainable Development: Financing for Development and the International Investment Regime

Discussion of international investment governance has changed in character in recent years. While some specialists examined the potential negative sustainable development implications of international investment agreements (IIAs), in official forums the focus of previous decades was often on how to best protect and encourage foreign direct investment (FDI). Now, especially because of ongoing negotiations of […]

Conciliation and Arbitration Law: Times of Change in Investment Protection in Bolivia

1. Neoliberal period: Legal structure of foreign investment protection In the early 1990s, the Bolivian State underwent a neoliberal period. Such period was marked by (i) the setting up of a constitutional and legal structure aimed at protecting foreign investment, which affected Bolivia’s regulatory framework and control authority, and (ii) a process of drastic reduction […]

The Brazilian Agreement on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (ACFI): A New Formula for International Investment Agreements?

Since the signing of the first Agreement on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (ACFI) by Brazil, in March 2015, English translations of the document and analyses of its innovative aspects have been published.[1] The hidden question is: to what extent do Brazil’s ACFIs innovate in the regulation of foreign investments? Alternatives to the current liberal […]

Working by Design: New Ideas to Empower U.S. and European Workers in TTIP

The 21st century has not been the best of times for U.S. and European workers. They have been buffeted by job losses, underemployment, and economic insecurity. Many individuals toil without benefits or job security.[1] Although workers are increasingly productive, many of them earn less than they did 20 years ago.[2] EU and U.S. policy-makers argue […]

The Merits and Limitations of General Exception Clauses in Contemporary Investment Treaty Practice

The international investment agreement (IIA) regime is experiencing an unprecedented surge in public attention. Prime examples are the debates surrounding the conclusion of the Canada–European Union Comprehensive Trade and Investment Agreement (CETA) and the ongoing negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement between the United States and the European Union (TTIP). In Germany, […]

Rethinking Investment-Related Dispute Settlement

Investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), a concept much unknown to the broader public and even top policy-makers only a year ago, is making headlines, especially as the European Union and the United States contemplate including the mechanism in the deal they are currently negotiating, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Public awareness is growing of […]

Experts at UNCTAD Meeting Give Shape to IIA Reform Options

More than 300 experts and delegates from member states, international organizations, NGOs, the private sector and academia attended the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Meeting on the Transformation of the International Investment Agreement (IIA) Regime from February 25 to 27, 2015 in Geneva. Working in breakout and plenary sessions, the experts explored […]

Investment Law and the 1%: On Which Side of the Divide?

The increasing concentration of wealth—often referred to as “the 1% issue”—raises serious concerns. The World Economic Forum, in its top ten trends of 2015, states: At the top of this year’s list is worsening income inequality. As the world’s rich continue to accumulate wealth at record rates, the middle class is struggling. Today, the top […]

The Brazil–Mozambique and Brazil–Angola Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreements (CIFAs): A Descriptive Overview

Brazil and Mozambique signed on March 30, 2015 the first Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreement (CIFA) based on Brazil’s new model bilateral investment treaty (BIT). The second was signed on April 1, 2015 between Brazil and Angola. Unlike traditional BITs, which are geared towards investor protection, the CIFAs focus primarily on cooperation and investment facilitation. […]

China’s Antitrust Crackdown Hits Qualcomm with US$975 Million Fine: What Can Other Host States Learn from the Story?

In February 2015, Qualcomm Inc. (Qualcomm), the world’s leading cellular chip maker, headquartered in California, was ordered by the Chinese anti-monopoly authority to pay a fine of RMB 6.088 billion (approximately US$975 million) for antitrust offenses against Chinese consumers,[1] following a 14-month-long investigation of the company’s anti-competitive practices. Seen by many as one of the […]

Everyone’s Doing It: The Acceptance, Effectiveness and Legality of Performance Requirements

For policymakers charged with investment portfolios, the challenge is not simply about attracting greater flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). At least as important is trying to maximize the domestic economic and social benefits that result from those investments. This can be achieved with tax policies or targeted recruitment of specific investments with promising potential […]

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