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Understanding Investor–State Dispute Settlement in the Mining Sector

This brief introduces investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) for mining policy-makers and shows how understanding it helps governments design clearer rules, manage permits and contracts, prevent costly disputes, and protect policy spaces while maintaining a predictable investment climate.
Brief April 21, 2026

Fuel Taxation in Aviation

This report examines 32 Air Service Agreements concluded between COFFIS member states to determine the necessary steps before implementing a tax on the uptake of aviation fuel.
Report November 3, 2025

Investment Treaties as a Risk Allocation Tool

Investment treaties operate as de facto risk allocation instruments—yet unlike other de-risking tools, they are not priced, do not require investor due diligence, and lack other public interest safeguards.
Brief July 2, 2025

A Legally Sound Oil and Gas Phase-Out

This report supports governments committed to the phase-out of oil and gas production. It provides policy-makers with tools to mitigate the legal risks of investor–state arbitration when designing and implementing phase-out policies.
Report April 9, 2025

Uncertain Climate Impact and Several Open Questions

This report offers an in-depth legal analysis of the agreement in principle for a reform of the Energy Charter Treaty as tentatively agreed on by the contracting parties in June 2022.
Report October 10, 2022