Relative Subsidies to Energy Sources: GSI estimates
The true scale of energy subsidies is difficult to ascertain, due to different definitions of subsidies, calculation methodologies, levels of transparency and data collection regimes in different countries. This working paper summarizes a series of estimates of how large subsidies might be.
The true scale of energy subsidies is difficult to ascertain, due to different definitions of subsidies, calculation methodologies, levels of transparency and data collection regimes in different countries around the world. This working paper summarizes a series of estimates of how large subsidies might be, by energy source, based on a preliminary investigation of publicly available research.
It also outlines the assumptions behind the estimates. The estimates will be progressively refined as the Global Subsidies Initiative's (GSI) program on fossil-fuel subsidy reform progresses.
For GSI's in-depth reports on biofuel subsidies, fossil-fuel subsidies and more, please click here.
You might also be interested in
Insights on Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification in Carbon Pricing
How governments can design monitoring, reporting, and verification systems that make carbon pricing credible, workable, and inclusive.
Making Electric Vehicles Work for More People
At least seven of the 21 BRICS+ economies are directing subsidies toward electric vehicles (EVs) and transport services widely used by lower- and middle-income people—from two- and three-wheelers to buses and shared transport.
Sustainable and Resilient Value Chains: Gender Equality
How voluntary sustainability standards and private sector actors can advance gender equality and women's economic empowerment in agricultural value chains.
August 2026 | Carbon Minefields Oil and Gas Exploration Monitor
When IISD launched Carbon Minefields, we aimed to make the continued expansion of oil and gas production more visible and measurable.