The Energy Charter Treaty
The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is a regional energy investment agreement that has grown into an obstacle to impactful climate policies—and a safeguard for the fossil fuel industry. In April 2024, the European Parliament voted for the European Union's historic withdrawal from the treaty. IISD has consistently promoted this outcome—both publicly and behind the scenes—and advanced viable solutions. We will continue to lead efforts to create sustainable governance of international energy investments.
The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), introduced in 1994, is an international investment treaty in the energy sector spanning Europe and parts of Asia. Today it is widely recognized as an obstacle to the green energy transition and a safeguard for the fossil fuel industry. The ECT has attracted more investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) claims from fossil fuel companies against states than any other investment treaty, costing governments hundreds of millions of dollars for introducing climate change policies.
In a historic vote on April 24, 2024, the European Parliament voted for the European Union's (EU) withdrawal from the ECT.
This followed the European Commission's proposal for a coordinated withdrawal by EU, its member states, and Euratom from the ECT, published in July 2023, which cited the treaty's incompatibility with the EU's climate targets under the European Green Deal and the Paris Agreement. During the twelve months prior to the Commission's proposal, a host of large EU member states—including Germany, France, Spain, and the Netherlands—had decided to walk away from the treaty. In February 2024, the UK also announced its departure from the treaty.
IISD has consistently advanced an EU withdrawal from the ECT, both publicly and behind the scenes, and has played a leading role throughout the developments.
Through in-depth research, live analysis, regular events, direct outreach to political decision makers, and awareness-building across civil society and media—including with Financial Times, the Guardian and Reuters—IISD continues to drive the conversation on the ECT and promote an outcome that accelerates the phase-out of fossil fuels. In addition, we are working to prevent the model from being replicated in regions of the Global South.
Together with our academic and civil society partners, IISD will continue to lead on the redesign of the international energy investment landscape in the months and years ahead, to ensure that it promotes the green energy transition and helps accelerate the phase-out of fossil fuels.
In the News
IISD’s research on the Energy Charter Treaty has featured in media coverage across Europe, including in the Financial Times, Politico, Reuters, and Deutsche Welle. We have co-authored op-eds and blogs published in Euractiv, German Verfassungsblog, and Der Standard.
Brussels push to ban ECT disputes gains traction - FDI Intelligence
“'We can see a gradual shift there. This could be an indicator of future tendency of tribunals to increasingly respect that intra-EU [argument],' says Lukas Schaugg, policy advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development."
Beyond the Energy Charter Treaty: job half done? - European Energy Innovator
"The EU's exit is 'a job halfdone' unless member states address the sunset clause with the UK. The 2021 ECJ ruling sets a helpful precedent here, Lukas Schaugg, policy advisor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, said during a panel in June. In August his organisation published a model inter-se agreement proposal for the EU and other exiting members."
EU votes to leave energy treaty as green rules pushed through - Financial Times
"The vote was 'historic', said Lukas Schaugg, international law analyst at the International Institute for Sustainable Development. 'Fossil fuel investors have used the ECT to challenge government climate measures through investor-state dispute settlement more frequently than any other investment treaty,' he said."
MEPs vote to leave treaty used by investors to sue over climate policies - the Guardian
"Lukas Schaugg, a lawyer at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, a thinktank, said: 'Fossil fuel investors have used the ECT to challenge government climate measures through investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) more frequently than any other investment treaty. With its vote for the EU to leave the ECT, the European parliament underlines that granting fossil fuel companies privileged access to ISDS is fundamentally incompatible with climate mitigation.'”
Content is loading...
Publications
IISD conducts in–depth research on the ECT’s design, implementation, and implications for sustainable development objectives—especially as they relate to climate action.
Investor–State Dispute Settlement and Fossil Fuels: What role for a carveout?
On March 11, 2024, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) hosted its 9th annual Investment Treaty Conference. Delegates discussed a carveout of climate change measures in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) as a central reform proposal. In this blog, we assess the implications of this proposal for climate policy and for broader efforts to reform international investment governance.
Im Rücktritt geeint
This blog post in one of Germany's leading constitutional law publications discusses why the European Commission's recommendation of a coordinated EU withdrawal from the ECT is a unique opportunity for Europe to speak with one voice for climate action. In German.
United We Leave or Divided We Stay? Why it’s time for the EU to speak with one voice regarding the Energy Charter Treaty
After a written procedure that was finalized on Friday July 7, the European Commission formally recommended a coordinated EU withdrawal from the Energy Charter Treaty. What does this mean for climate action?
Uncertain Climate Impact and Several Open Questions: An analysis of the proposed reform of the Energy Charter Treaty
An in-depth legal assessment of key aspects of the agreement in principle for a possible reform of the Energy Charter Treaty. It shows that, even if reformed as per the proposals, the climate impact of the treaty would remain uncertain. The proposed reform still leaves key policy questions unanswered.
Submission to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on Investment Agreements and Climate Change
This document by CIEL, ClientEarth, and IISD was submitted to the OECD's public consultation on how policy–makers can redesign investment treaties and policies in response to the climate crisis.
How the Energy Charter Treaty Risks Undermining the Outcomes of COP 26
This article examines how new climate pledges, including commitments to phase out coal, halt new drilling for gas and oil reserves, and reduce global methane emissions, might be undermined by the ECT.
Content is loading...
Events and capacity building
IISD hosts events and capacity building workshops to address the concerns that the ECT raises for a variety of audiences, including political stakeholders, developing country partners, and civil society.
The Energy Charter Treaty: Endgame in Sight?
This webinar will delve into the pressing legal questions surrounding the EU's mooted withdrawal from the ECT - including the treaty's sunset clause and the implications for the treaty as a mixed agreement. It will also assess the political momentum for further exits both within and outside the EU. The webinar is organized by IISD, CIEL, and ClientEarth.
Aligning Investment and Climate Goals: Where does the Energy Charter Treaty modernization stand?
This webinar, hosted in partnership with the Centre for International Environmental Law and ClientEarth, will discuss the progress achieved so far in the ECT modernization process.
The ECOWAS Energy Protocol: Training workshop for West Africa
This workshop for member states of the West African Economic and Monetary Union focused on the ECOWAS Energy Protocol, its risks in relation to energy transition policies, and potential options for reform.
Leaving the ECT: Overcoming the Sunset Clause obstacle
IISD experts were invited to be panelists at a webinar hosted by the European Parliament on options for withdrawal from the ECT.
Content is loading...
Latest
You might also be interested in
Investment Treaty News
Investment Treaty News is IISD's long-running flagship journal, offering our global readership the latest news, analysis, and ideas on how international investment impacts sustainable development.
Webinars on Investment Law and Policy
IISD's webinars provide key information, cutting analysis, and lively discussions on the latest developments in international law and policy.
Investment Policy Forum
IISD's Investment Policy Forum is the world's only platform for investment negotiators from developing countries and a driving force for global sustainable investment reform.
Advisory Services, Technical Support, and Workshops
IISD's international lawyers and policy experts provide training courses, workshops, and a range of advisory services for developing economy officials—covering investment treaties, laws and contracts, negotiations, and dispute prevention and management.