A new tribunal has been constituted for the resubmission of the long-running Rockhopper v. Italy ECT dispute over Italy’s ban on offshore hydrocarbon extraction, with former ICSID Secretary-General Meg Kinnear appointed as chair. The outcome of the resubmission will be a key indicator of how tribunals handle state bans on hydrocarbon extraction justified on environmental grounds. A finding against Italy on the resubmission could expose other states to substantial liability for similar fossil-fuel phase-out measures, while a ruling in Italy’s favour would reinforce states’ right to restrict extraction for environmental reasons. The case thus sits at the frontier of the intersection between investment protection and energy transition.