Ecuador and Canada reportedly concluded a free trade agreement in January 2025. The agreement is supposed to contain a “a comprehensive set of rules governing investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), including enhanced transparency of proceedings commitments.” The news come despite the fact that, in April 2024, the citizens of Ecuador emphatically voted to keep Article 422 of the country’s 2008 constitution, which prevents Ecuador from using international arbitration to settle disputes between Ecuador and foreign investors or private individuals in international treaties or instruments.