The Canadian Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy, of the University of Regina, warns that an ethanol industry in the Province of Saskatchewan would not be viable without government subsidies, and offers limited benefits for rural development. Assessing the Viability of an Ethanol Industry in Saskatchewan, by Rose Olfert and Simon Weseen, notes that the subsidies promised by the provincial government could balloon depending on how the industry grows: "it is quite possible that the 15 cents/litre subsidy offered by our provincial government would have to be extended to all ethanol produced in Saskatchewan (as opposed to the 130 million litres that will be consumed here), a prospect that would require an annual subsidy of $60 million for a 400-million-litre industry." As for rural development, the authors predict that the ethanol industry in Saskatchewan could create some 80 full-time permanent jobs, while also offering grain farmers an alternative market. But at an estimated cost of $20 to $60 million in public funds, the authors ask whether there are more efficient ways to stimulate the rural economy. Investors in the ethanol industry also face an uncertain future in Saskatchewan, as the profitability of their investment may depend on whether the government continues to subsidize the industry. "As for governments themselves", write the authors, "they must clearly identify what they hope to accomplish by investing in ethanol plants, subsidizing production and mandating consumption. Once this is done, they should be able to clearly state the risks and quantify both the costs and benefits of their investment, and in doing so justify the investment itself." The authors say this has yet to been done. Assessing the Viability of an Ethanol Industry in Saskatchewan is available on-line at: http://www.uregina.ca/sipp/documents/pdf/PPP48_OlfertWeseen_online.pdf