{"id":1261,"date":"2020-03-04T15:27:33","date_gmt":"2020-03-04T23:27:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/?post_type=savi-project&#038;p=1261"},"modified":"2020-06-24T07:33:50","modified_gmt":"2020-06-24T14:33:50","slug":"lake-dal-in-srinagar-state-of-jammu-kashmir-india","status":"publish","type":"savi-project","link":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/project\/lake-dal-in-srinagar-state-of-jammu-kashmir-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Conservation of Lake Dal"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IISD was invited by the <g class=\"gr_ gr_17 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"17\" data-gr-id=\"17\">state<\/g> government of Jammu &amp; Kashmir to use <g class=\"gr_ gr_5 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"5\" data-gr-id=\"5\">SAVi<\/g> to develop the business case for the long-term conservation of Lake Dal. The lake has long suffered from anthropogenic pressures including encroachment, water extraction, discharge of untreated domestic sewage and fertilizer runoff from the surrounding agriculture areas. This has led to a sharp decrease in water quality, increased eutrophication and further cascading effects such as declining fish stocks and reduced recreational attractiveness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <g class=\"gr_ gr_6 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"6\" data-gr-id=\"6\">SAVi<\/g> simulation and analysis considered Lake Dal as a \u201csystem.\u201d We applied <g class=\"gr_ gr_7 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"7\" data-gr-id=\"7\">SAVi<\/g> to assess the impacts of competing users and associated sources of pollution on the lake&#8217;s water quality. We also used <g class=\"gr_ gr_8 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"8\" data-gr-id=\"8\">SAVi<\/g> to simulate how a clean and productive lake would increase revenues for associated industries such as tourism, fisheries <g class=\"gr_ gr_10 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"10\" data-gr-id=\"10\">and<\/g> real estate. We also sought the value of the lake as a natural infrastructure asset, providing for water storage, irrigation <g class=\"gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"11\" data-gr-id=\"11\">and<\/g> flood protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We identified these scenarios in collaboration with the many public stakeholders in Srinagar. They include the Department of Tourism of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, the Urban Environmental Engineering Department, the Jammu &amp; Kashmir Lakes and Waterways Development Authority, and the Scientific Advisory Committee for the conservation of Lake Dal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scenarios in this assessment were designed to address the most material concerns tabled by stakeholders. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sewage treatment plants in and around Srinagar need urgent upgrades. They also overflow during heavy rainfall.<\/li><li>Sewage treatment plants and pumping stations shut down during electricity blackouts. Some plants continue to operate on diesel generators.  <\/li><li>Sewage from houseboats, which serve as accommodations for tourists, is perceived as the most significant source of untreated sewage.<\/li><li>Encroachment by informal lake dwellers living at the periphery of and on the lake is increasing the inflow of untreated sewage, with adverse impacts for the adjoining wetlands. <\/li><li>Plans to construct the 20 km Western Foreshore Road along Lake Dal. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Simulation Scenarios<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:23% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-08.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-08.png 301w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-08-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-08-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-08-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scenario 0: Business-as-usual (BAU)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The status quo of 2018 prevails:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>75% of the lake&#8217;s periphery is connected to the sewage network.<\/li><li>Sewage from lake dwellers and houseboats not connected to the sewage network flows into the lake untreated.<\/li><li>Sewage treatment plants overflow during heavy rainfalls and electricity blackouts.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-09.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-09.png 301w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-09-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-09-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-09-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scenario 1: Sewage treatment for houseboats only<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>On-site sewage treatment installed fro houseboats.<\/li><li>Other BAU assumption remain.<\/li><li><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-10.png 301w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-10-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-10-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-10-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scenario 2: Grey infrastructure upgrade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>100% of lake periphery is connected to upgraded sewage treatment plants.<\/li><li>Sewage of treatment plants and pumping stations are powered by solar PV with battery storage. Plants will therefore operate irrespective of blackouts. Sewage outflow will continue to occur during heavy rainfall.<\/li><li>On-site sewage treatment for all lake dwellers and houseboats.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-11.png 301w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-11-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-11-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-11-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scenario 3: Hybrid infrastructure upgrade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Construction of 500 hectares of artificial wetland to complement the upgraded sewage treatment solutions in Scenario 2.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-12.png 301w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-12-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-12-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-12-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scenario 4: Constructing the Western Foreshore Road and hybrid infrastructure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><g class=\"gr_ gr_5 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"5\" data-gr-id=\"5\">Building<\/g> of the 20-km Western Foreshore Road along Lake Dal.<\/li><li>All conservation measures of Scenario 3 remain.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SAVi Results: Integrated Cost-Benefit Analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Scenario 0, we note a continuous downward spiral of the water quality in Lake Dal. In fact, the integrity of the lake will continue to deteriorate, causing severe revenue shrinkages for the tourism industry in Srinagar and threatening the existence of the local fishery industry by 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scenario\n1 examines the costs and benefits related to only treating sewage released by\nthe houseboats. The benefits are extremely negligible and the required\ninvestment of INR 768 million will not be worthwhile. This is confirmed by\nnegative net results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In\nScenario 2, the grey infrastructure upgrade presents an intermediate solution.\nThe benefits of INR 237 billion significantly outweigh the associated\ninvestment of INR 15.6 billion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Scenario 3, the hybrid infrastructure upgrade, brings the highest net benefits for Srinagar at INR 360 billion. <\/strong>It pays to invest in the construction of an artificial wetland as the net benefits are 62% higher compared to Scenario 2 while the investments only increase by 8.6%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scenario 4 has <strong>lower net benefits than the hybrid<\/strong> <strong>infrastructure <\/strong>upgrade because of expenditures for the construction and maintenance of the Western Foreshore Road. Benefits are also lowered due to the <strong>large-scale damage the sealed road surface and new encroachment will bring to the water quality and integrity of the lake<\/strong>. Compared to the hybrid<strong> <\/strong>intervention scenario, the road will reduce revenues to<strong> <\/strong>the tourism and fishery industries by more than INR 72<strong> <\/strong>billion until 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/?attachment_id=1289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/savi.iisd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1289\" width=\"770\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07.png 601w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07-150x66.png 150w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07-450x199.png 450w, https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/savi-dal-lake-web-07-600x266.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">The Next Steps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This project and analysis was halted in June 2018 when Governor\u2019s Rule was imposed in the State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Should\nthe project have continued, IISD would have proceeded to complete valuations\non:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Real estate, land value capture and associated contributions to the tax revenues for the local and state government.<\/li><li>Additional Infrastructure services provided by Lake Dal, in terms of irrigation, water storage <g class=\"gr_ gr_7 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"7\" data-gr-id=\"7\">and<\/g> water supply. We would have also compared these values to the capital and operating costs of built infrastructure. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thereafter, we would have used these valuations to determine if public\u2013private partnerships could be used to finance and execute the lake conservation measures discussed in this report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IISD looks forward to continuing work on SAVi and sustainable infrastructure with stakeholders in India. Access our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/savi-dal-lake-india.pdf\">report<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/savi-dal-lake-india-brochure.pdf\">brochure<\/a> of this assessment to learn more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IISD was invited by the state government of Jammu &amp; Kashmir to use SAVi to develop the business case for the long-term conservation of Lake Dal. The lake has long suffered from anthropogenic pressures including encroachment, water extraction, discharge of untreated domestic sewage and fertilizer runoff from the surrounding agriculture areas. This has led to&#8230;  <a class=\"excerpt-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/project\/lake-dal-in-srinagar-state-of-jammu-kashmir-india\/\" title=\"Read Conservation of Lake Dal\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":1486,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"project_cat":[26,23,19,8],"class_list":["post-1261","savi-project","type-savi-project","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","project_cat-lakes-and-wetlands","project_cat-wastewater","project_cat-water","project_cat-natural-capital"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/savi-project\/1261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/savi-project"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/savi-project"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1261"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/savi-project\/1261\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1486"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"project_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/savi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project_cat?post=1261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}