Canada and Agenda
21Canada and Agenda
21
CHAPTER 25
Children and Youth in Sustainable Development
-- Sarah Murdoch --
Sarah Murdoch is a student at the University of Ottawa. The views expressed in this chapter are those of the author who has received input from a number of other stakeholders, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Projet de Société.
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
Comprising nearly 30% of the world population, it is imperative that youth from all parts of the world participate actively in all relevant levels of decision-making processes because it affects their lives today and has implications for their futures. In addition to their intellectual contribution and their ability to mobilize support, they bring unique perspectives that need to be addressed. Young people have and continue to organize around different issues at local, regional and national levels, often being a driving force behind social movements. Their activism, however, has not translated into access to decision making processes. Few countries have mechanisms whereby young people and the community at large can influence the programs and policies that affect them. Increased opportunities for youth involvement in environment and development decision-making will be critical to the long-term success of Agenda 21.
Children make up nearly half the population in many developing nations and in both developing and industrialized countries, they are highly vulnerable to the effects of environmental degradation. Many are not adequately fed, educated or protected from pollution and toxic substances. Consequently, the needs of children must be taken fully into account in the participatory process on environment and development. This is necessary to safeguard the sustainability of actions taken to improve the environment, and ensure it will remain sustainable for future generations.
PROGRAM AREAS AND OBJECTIVES
The objectives and activities recommended in Chapter 25 fall under two program areas:
(1)Advancing the role of youth and actively involving them in the protection of the environment and the promotion of economic and social development; and
(2)Children in sustainable development.
(1)Youth
At the international level, the chapter proposes that action should be taken in the following program areas:
(1)Promotion of participation of young people in UN decision-making processes and in national delegations to international meetings.
(2)Review and coordination by the United Nations and international organizations of their youth programs.
(3)Promotion of the United Nations Trust for the International Youth Year by the United Nations and national governments.
Youth representatives should be involved in the administration of it, focusing particularly on the needs of youth from developing countries.
At the national level, the chapter recommends that countries address several program areas:
(1)Promotion of dialogue between the youth community and Government.
Governments should consult young people and establish mechanisms that allow them access to information and the opportunity to present their perspectives on decisions that affect to the environment.
(2)Increased education levels.
Governments should make increased education levels a priority to ensure that half of all young women and men have access to secondary or vocational education by the year 2000.
(3)Reduction of youth unemployment.
(4)Protection of young people's human rights.
Combat human rights abuses against youth, especially against young women and girls.
(2)Children
At the international level, the chapter recommends the following:
(1)Commitment to the survival, protection and development of children, in accordance with the goals endorsed by the 1990 World Summit for Children.
(2)Assurance that the participatory process on environment and development takes the specific interests of children fully into account.
UNICEF should maintain cooperation and collaboration with other organizations of the United Nations, governmental and non-governmental organizations to develop programs for children.
At the national level the chapter proposes:
(1)the implementation of programs for children, especially in health, nutrition, education, literacy and poverty alleviation; and,
(2)the ratification of the Convention on the Right of the Child (General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989).
CANADIAN POSITIONS AT RIO
1.Official Canadian Position
The official Canadian position sought to strengthen an acceptance for a role for youth in policy and decision-making without being prescriptive as to the mechanisms used in achieving this objective. This would permit a mutually productive dialogue between youth and government through the most appropriate organizational arrangements. Canada called for the deletion of sections referring specifically to the formation of a national youth advisory council, and opposed the development of an International Youth Advisory Council, supporting instead the promotion of the already existing United Nations Youth Fund. Canada was in favour of adjusting global targets to those which encourage each country to establish national goals based on their current situation and potential for change.
Canada sought to encourage the empowerment of youth to take direct action on the environment at the community level; to ensure that youth were consulted in the development and implementation of programs that involve them; and to strengthen measures to increase young peoples' access to employment and education. Canada also placed importance on references to human rights and the special needs of young women, and on specific General Assembly Resolutions calling for all national delegations to international meetings to include a youth representative.
2.Non-Governmental Organizations
Unlike the official Canadian position, NGOs identified a specific need for both effective youth advisory councils and the involvement of young people in all types of government organizations. Considering that all issues are youth issues, NGOs saw a youth advisory council as an effective mechanism when implemented with strong participation of the youth community. This is particularly true when its decisions and recommendations are considered and acted upon by the government and all decision-making bodies. NGOs can set an example for government, by providing youth with necessary experience, while gaining from youth perspectives and input.
Youth
Prior to UNCED, Canadian youth representatives adopted the position that the following should be adopted as part of the official Canadian position and encouraged at UNCED1 A Youth Working Group did not meet formally at the Two Day National Review and Strategy Session of the Canadian Preparatory Committee for UNCED. However, youth representatives met separately on February 23, 1992 and conveyed this position.:
(1)Each country, by 1995, should establish with their youth communities mechanisms to promote the effective participation of youth in the decision- making processes. These mechanisms should include full positions for youth representative on all local, regional and national ministries, round tables, institutions, advisory bodies, and NGOs.
(2)Each country, by 1995, should establish a national youth advisory board, comprised wholly of youth, to provide all levels and sectors of government with input on youth perspectives, to liaise between the youth community and government ministries, and to establish official mechanisms for youth monitoring of government decisions, including the applications of Agenda 21. Mechanisms should be established to ensure that governments are responsive and held accountable to the national youth advisory boards.
(3)By 1993, the opportunities for youth in government decision-making should be reviewed through a process involving youth. Procedures to include youth should also be organized, at the local, regional and national levels. Governments should establish full positions for youth representatives on all government delegations and within all government ministries, advisory bodies, institutions and round tables. Moreover, NGOs should also take measures to establish procedures to nclude youth in Decision Making Processes: By 1993, establish full positions for youth on Boards of Directors and Advisory Councils.
(4)In consultation with existing youth organizations, national youth advisory councils should be created which will provide effective youth input into all spheres of government activity, especially into national development plans.
(5)Governments should be held accountable to respond to, and whenever possible, incorporate the recommendations of international, regional, national and local youth conferences and advisory councils that offer a youth perspective on all issues, especially those pertaining to the environment and development.
(6)By the year 1993, an International Youth Advisory Council to the Secretary-General of the United Nations should be established.
An accountability mechanism should be built into this process.
3.Business and Industry
None.
4.Indigenous
In the Canadian Youth Declaration on Environment and Development, The Youth Earth Charter proclaims the need for re-empowerment through self-government and self-determination of the Indigenous Peoples throughout the world being fundamental to all decision-making on environment and development issues. Further, alliances and networks with Indigenous Peoples must be kept strong, them main objective being the achievement of a binding commitment to environment protection and human equality.
COMMITMENTS MADE BY CANADIANS AT RIO
1.Legally-binding Documents
None.
2.Political Pronouncements
None.
3.Alternative NGO Treaties and Kari-Oca
NGO Treaties
At the same time as UNCED, two major international events were also held at Rio. One was the International Non-Governmental Organization Forum (Global Forum). At the Global Forum, 3,100 NGOs discussed a number of matters related to environment and development and produced a parallel set of documents: an NGO Earth Charter and 38 Alternative NGO Treaties. Canadian NGOs played a significant role in developing the Treaties and took a lead in coordinating their dissemination. Of these treaties, two addressed the issues discussed in Chapter 25.
Treaty in Defense and Protection of Children and Adolescents
The legal rights of children and adolescents should be encompassed in an agreement that all societies should adopt and enforce. NGOs will work to create laws for child rights in the nations that currently do not have them. The theme of Children and Adolescents should be included in forums and debates on the world's future. Young people should have the right to participate in all discussions and action concerning them, especially in regard to the future of the planet. Of particular concern is bottle feeding with artificial milk, which has caused the death of a great number of babies and harmed women's health. The right of infants to be breast fed should be respected.
Youth Treaty
This treaty was established in Rio by youth participating in the International Forum of NGOs and Social Movements, the Global Forum and UNCED. The treaty repeats that young people are the present and future of the planet and need to participate within their societies to encourage global, social, and environmental change. Based on this premise, the treaty sets out a number of principles and actions to which participating youth committed themselves. These principles relate the need for:
unity in diversity to ensure for all people a lifestyle directed toward responsible development;
the alleviation of vast extremes of wealth and poverty based on the inequitable relations between North and South;
support for local sustainable development alternatives;
assurance of free and democratic access to information;
promotion of free and public integrated education; and
the end to open and covert destabilization of national sovereignty and self-determination.
The treaty also presents a number of suggested actions based on these principles, which fall under the following three program areas: education and diffusion; consumption patterns; and international campaigns related to the issues that were not addressed adequately at UNCED (eg. debt, militarism, nuclear power and testing, over-consumption and unnecessary use of pesticides).
The Youth Treaty was consolidated, in part, on the basis of the World Youth Statement and Plan of Action on Environment and Development. This document was developed at the World Youth Preparatory Forum for UNCED in March 1992, which was co-coordinated by Canadian and Costa Rican young people.
Kari-Oca
The second alternative forum at Rio was the International Conference on Territory, Environment and Development (the Kari-Oca Conference). The Kari-Oca Conference was held immediately prior to UNCED by and for the world's indigenous peoples. More than 650 indigenous representatives participated in meetings and cultural events during the conference, where they also developed and adopted a 109-point Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter. Of these, one referred directly to the issue of children, youth and sustainable development.
Statement number 107 declared that, "(A)t local, national, international levels, governments must commit funds to new and existing resources to education and training for indigenous peoples, to achieve their sustainable development, to contribute and to participate in sustainable and equitable development at all levels, particular attention should be given to indigenous women, children and youth."
DEFICIENCIES, GAPS AND CONSTRAINTS WITHIN CHAPTER 25
Chapter 25 acknowledges the fact that needs of youth and government are distinct, but not necessarily irreconcilable. The chapter is a clear step forward in that it recognizes the importance of both children and youth in sustainable development. The chapter recognizes the need for increasing young people's participation in decision-making, as well as education and employment opportunities. Chapter 25 also illustrates increased concern over human rights abuses against youth, especially against young women and girls.
Despite this, Chapter 25 is is both vague and general. Methods to increase youth participation in decision-making are recommended, but specific strategies are not defined, nor is the concept of "youth participation". In fact, the ambiguous nature of the activities proposed in the chapter make them more like objectives. The chapter generally takes a welfare approach to the needs of children and youth. Consequently, it fails to effectively address the need for changes in their current roles, particularly the role of youth, to make them more effective actors in development. The chapter also completely fails to address the issue of child labour.
Gaps exist in Chapter 25, due to the fact that no differentiation is made between the needs and experiences of children and youth in the south and those in the north. Throughout the chapter, generalizations are made concerning "youths" and "children", giving no acknowledgement to the differing needs and situations of children and youth worldwide. Moreover, there is no mention of the need for contributions by the North to assist in the alleviation of poverty in the South. This has crucial effects on the well being of youth and children by inequitable conditions among children and youth are often caused by inequitable development.
The value of the chapter is severely limited because Agenda 21, as a whole, fails to sufficiently integrate the objectives and activities proposed in this chapter into other Agenda 21 chapters. These also have definite effects on both youth and children. This is also reflected in Chapter 25 itself, which disconnects the problems that effect youth and children from larger societal problems. Bringing youth into the decision-making processes and addressing the needs of children are part of the larger issue of community participation in decision-making. They should not be addressed in piecemeal fashion.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT CANADIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY AND COMMITMENTS MADE
Canada has supported and contributed substantially to international organisations concerned with the needs and rights of children and youth, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Moreover, Canada has ratified the Convention on the Right of the Child (General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989) and has contributed to the UN Trust Fund for International Youth Year.
Canada has met in many ways the more explicit and defined policies and actions proposed in Chapter 25, including access to secondary education, protection of the rights of youth, and vocational training programs. However, the extent and degree to which education in Canada, for instance, is accessible is disputable. With ever increasing user fees for post secondary education, shrinking student loans, and high youth unemployment levels, accessibility has become a serious concern for many young Canadians. Also, given the rising levels of poverty among children and youths, some also contend that Canada is not sufficiently protecting the rights of children and youth to an acceptable standard of living, based on adequate health, food, clothing and housing. This, as well as the right to education, is guaranteed in the United Nations declaration on human rights, to which Canada is a signatory.
Less specific, but perhaps the most indicative objectives of Chapter 25 are those related to involving youth in decision-making processes. Canada's decision to involve youth in the negotiations on this chapter and preparations for Rio clearly added validity to the Chapter. Moreover, it provides the basis for an improved partnership between government and Canadian young people. Presently however, youth are not included in the Canadian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, although the official Canadian position at UNCED placed importance on specific General Assembly Resolutions which recommended that all national delegations to international meetings include a youth representative. More importantly, Canada has not yet established a Youth Advisory Council as other OECD countries have done, despite the fact that under the Green Plan, it was proposed that a youth council on environment and development be established.
In A Proposal for a Youth Initiative For a Post UNCED Era issued on May 26, 1992, Canadian young people identified further commitments from the Government of Canada needed to assist Canadian youth groups promote effective action among Canada's youth. These commitments include the following:
(1)Organizing training programs and workshops so that young people may be better informed and equipped with the necessary skills for effective community action;
(2)Providing ongoing support systems and training;
(3)Collecting and distributing information and research materials on a wide range of subjects within the purview of the projects of young people;
(4)Cataloguing the human, financial and physical resources which would be useful for youth action;
(5)Facilitating communications, exchanges, and regional networks among young people and between youth and the general public for two purposes: the successful realization of youth projects and the celebration of the experiences of young people engaged in community action;
(6)Encouraging young people to work at the national and international levels by linking their projects with parallel ones in other communities and countries; and,
(7)Making special financial contributions to assist those community projects where the human, physical, and financial resources of a given community would not be sufficient.
CANADIAN ACTIVITIES EVOLVING THROUGH THE SUSTAINABILITY PROCESS
Youth '92
Entirely youth-driven, the Youth '92 project was formed in 1990 by the Canadian Youth Working Group on Environment and Development, a coalition of Canadian youth organizations that cooperated to facilitate youth participation in UNCED. Prior to Rio, Youth '92 organized UNCED preparatory events worldwide, including six regional workshops in Canada, a national conference held in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1991, and the World Youth Preparatory Forum for UNCED, which was held in Costa Rica, in March 1992. At the national conference, participants wrote a position paper, the Canadian Youth Declaration on Environment and Development. Similarly, at the World Youth Preparatory Forum, over 300 participants from ninety-seven countries produced an international position paper, the World Youth Statement and Plan of Action on Environment and Development.
Following UNCED, the Canadian youth organizations involved nationally in Youth '92 met again to discuss the project and the directions that follow-up should take. It was agreed that the most pressing collective need among Canadian youth organizations was the development of effective mechanisms to facilitate the sharing of information and resources within Canada, and the creation of more effective means for these organizations to work together, network and do outreach. Already having a large core of information in the Youth '92 database, and with Youth '92 ending, it was identified that a tool was needed for managing, updating, and distributing this information.
Environment Canada also showed interest in having an ongoing, up-to-date source of information on youth groups working on environmental issues in Canada. Consequently, as of July 1993, Youth '92 staff have been working in cooperation with Environment Canada on the development of the Canadian Youth Information Management System (CYIMS), an information system that will facilitate networking and cooperation among Canadian youth groups. This project is ongoing, and is currently being carried on by the Canadian Youth Foundation (CYF).
Financing of the activities of Youth '92 was made possible primarily through the contributions of Environment Canada, the Canadian International Development Agency, and the United Nations Environment Program.
Canada World Youth (CWY)
Since its inception in 1971, CWY's mission has been to increase people's ability to participate actively in the development of just, harmonious and sustainable societies. Some of its activities include: North-South cooperation and linkages; leadership training; intercultural training; non-formal education; and development education. CWY has also served as host organization for Wheels of Change (mentioned below).
Canadian Federation of Students (CFS)
The CFS was founded in 1981 by post-secondary students who felt the need to defend their rights and interests. Through the Federation, students are working to create a universally accessible, high quality system of post-secondary education that recognizes the rights of students and the legitimacy of student representation.
Canadian Unified Student Environmental Network (CUSEN)
CUSEN is a university-based network operated for and by students. It publishes a newsletter and facilitates communications across Canada among youth and other environmental groups.
Canadian Youth Foundation (CYF)
Founded in 1986, the CYF is designed to provide young people in Canada with the tools and resources required to enrich policy debates with a genuine youth perspective. Among the projects/activities that have been undertaken by the CYF are: an internship program; the publication of several reports; and conducting of workshops across Canada to develop plans for community action by youth for youth. The CYF was also home to the Youth '92 Secretariat and is currently carrying on the Canadian Youth Information Management System (CYIMS) project, an information system that will facilitate networking and cooperation among Canadian youth groups.
Cree Nation Youth Council
The Cree Nation Youth Council was established in 1985, the International Year for Youth. Its purpose if to promote activities enhancing Cree traditions, values, customs and ways of life among the Cree youth. Areas of action include: preservation of tradition, identities and heritage through direct youth involvement and input into the social, cultural, economic and political sectors at all levels affecting Cree youth.
Environmental Youth Alliance (EYA)
The EYA was created in response to a growing need for Canadian students to work together on environment and development issues. To accomplish this, EYA has focused its networking on students in elementary and secondary schools across Canada, now with over 20,000 members. To support and maintain a solid network, the EYA continues with three primary foci: a newsletter; wilderness trips; and conferences.
Environnement JEUnesse (ENJEU)
ENJEU is an environmental education organization with individual and group members throughout Quebec. ENJEU has two main priorities: to support and encourage action related to education and the environment by groups of youth between the ages of fifteen to thirty; and to further their participation in environment and development decision making. ENJEU specializes in the areas of: energy, waste management, environmental impact assessments, and environmental education. ENJEU has also assumed leadership in creating a network of environment/development youth groups within the International Francophone community.
Generation 2000
Generation 2000 aims to empower youth to positively impact the future. Generation 2000 has two main programs; the National Tour and the Action Network. Since 1991, the National Tour has annually involved forty diverse and active youth travelling across Canada between February and May. Through communicating the ideas and experiences of youth to youth, the Action Network newsletter provides skills and installs confidence. In alliance with the Canadian Youth Foundation, Generation 2000 has also produced the Youth Action Handbook, a step-by-step guide to project management to assist Action Teams in developing, running and evaluating a community project.
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
The IISD has developed a Youth Sourcebook to provide information on global youth activities, contacts and networks in support of sustainable development. Aimed at supporting youth grassroots initiatives, youth networking and joint youth action around sustainable development initiatives, the youth sourcebook will also be incorporated into the larger IISD Sourcebook database.
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE)
The NRTEE, and particularly its Task Force on Education, has been actively concerned with engaging young people in the round table process, and giving them skills to address sustainable development issues in the future. Under the direction of this task force, the NRTEE has developed or catalyzed several different initiatives: the Model Round Table for Youth Kit and Future Links: Youth Round Tables in Canada, a kit and brochure that explains how Canadian youth can establish round tables and operate them with the support of local businesses, environmental groups and individuals; Learning for a Sustainable Future, a non-profit organization to create a sustainable development education program for primary and secondary schools across Canada; and Energy, the Environment, and Me!, an interactive computer game/quiz on energy and the environment. In January 1993, the NRTEE launched COURAGE, a rock music video as part of a campaign to challenge Canadian youth to integrate the concept of sustainable development into their lives. In 1993, the NRTEE also founded the Roy Aitken Sustainable Development Internship Program, in conjunction with the International Nickel Company (INCO) and other private sector sponsors, to encourage young Canadians to think creatively about the integration of the environment and the economy.
SAVE (Student Action for a Viable Earth) Tour
The SAVE Tour was a completely student-run, national youth speaking tour. Consisting of eight Canadians representative of Canada's diversity, the aim of the tour has been to raise awareness of global issues, while leaving students with tools to take constructive action at local, regional and national level. This has been done through interactive workshops and presentations to students in elementary and high schools.
Wheels of Change
Wheels of Change is a grass roots, action-oriented project originally conceived by five young people, designed to mobilize youth across the country. The tour took place from May to August 1992 and visited ten to twelve communities in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. The principle behind the program was a popular education and theatre tour to facilitate community empowerment on environment, development and social justice issues. The tour also educated Canadians about issues that emerged out of UNCED and encouraged a deeper appreciation of how these issues affect the lives of Canadians at the local community level, as well as the lives of others around the globe.
OTHER RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY-RELATED FORA
Action for Solidarity, Equality, Ecology, and Development (A SEED)
A SEED was established by young people in people in 1991 to provide an alternative analysis to the UNCED proceedings and to forge strong alliances among youth committed to a socially just and ecologically viable world. A SEED operates as a decentralized network which strengthens and supports local, national, and regional youth movements. The organization is active in organizing campaigns and disseminating information related to environment and development issues.
Asian Students Association (ASA)
The ASA is an independent and non-aligned regional body of 46 national student organizations from 26 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. ASA is working for change in the areas of human rights, democracy, development, third world, and solidarity.
United Nations of Youth International Secretariat (UNOY)
The UNOY was founded to "help create a united and transformed world" through giving young people a voice in the United Nations and other policy and decision-making bodies. To this end, the UNOY works "to build a global youth movement, a youth alliance for peace and cooperation", and responds to the challenge "to forge a global partnership". There are UNOY nets (national and local branches) working in community based projects. UNOY also hosts events, including international conferences.
Youth for Development and Cooperation (YDC)
The YDC is an international youth organization whose aim is to strengthen youth structures working on North-South cooperation in order to promote development, the protection of the environment, international justice and cooperation. The YDC sets up programs for the purpose of development education and political campaigning on North-South issues. Wide ranging activities include: seminars, workshops, training courses, campaigns, publications, simulation games and research on development questions.
SUGGESTED READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Government of Canada. Canada's Green Plan, (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1990).
. Canada's Green Plan and the Earth Summit, (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1992).
. Canada's National Report: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Brazil, June 1992, (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1991).
International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Agenda 21: Abstracts, Reviews, and
Commentaries, (Theodora Carroll-Foster, editor), (Ottawa: IDRC, 1993).
. Agenda 21: Green Paths to the Future, (D. Spurgeon, editor), (Ottawa: IDRC, 1993).
. A Guide to Agenda 21: Issues, Debates, and Canadian Initiatives, (Theodora Carroll-Foster, editor), (Ottawa: IDRC, 1993).
International Institute for Sustainable Development. Youth Sourcebook, (Winnipeg: IISD, 1993).
Keating, Michael. Agenda for Change: A Plain Language Version of Agenda 21 and the Other Rio Agreements, (Geneva: Centre for Our Common Future, 1993).
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE). Model Round Table for Youth Kit, (Ottawa: NRTEE, 1993).
World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future, (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1987).
Youth Action/Action Jeunesse Working Group. A Proposal for a Youth Initiative For a Post UNCED Era, Statement of Intent, (Ottawa: Canadian Youth Foundation, May 26th, 1992).
Youth '92. Canadian Youth Declaration on Environment and Development. (Ottawa: Canadian Youth Foundation. 1992).
Youth '92. In the Spirit of Youth -- A Summary Guide to the Canadian Youth Declaration on Environment and Development. (Ottawa: Canadian Youth Foundation: 1992).
Youth '92. The World Youth Statement and Plan of Action on Environment and Development,
(Ottawa: Canadian Youth Foundation: 1992).
Information Sources:
Action for Solidarity, Equality, Ecology, and Development (A SEED) - North American Hub, c/o Student Environmental Action Coalition (SEAC), PO Box 1168, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, 27514-1168, tel: 919-967-4600, fax: 919-967-4648.
Asian Students Association (ASA), 353 Shanghai Street 4/F, Kowloon, Hong Kong, tel: 852-388-0515, fax: 852-782-5535.
Canada World Youth (CWY), 2330, rue Notre Dame Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, H3J 1N4, tel: 514-931-3526, fax: 514-939-266-2621.
Canadian Federation of Students (CFS), 600-170 Metcalfe Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 1P3,
tel: (613) 232-7394, fax: (613) 232-0276.
Canadian Unified Student Environmental Network (CUSEN), 51 Queens Crescent, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, tel: (613) 548-3838, fax: (613) 545-0350.
Canadian Youth Foundation (CYF), 215 Cooper Street, 3rd Floor, Ottawa, Ontario,
K2P 0G2, tel: (613) 761-9206, fax: (613) 761-1441.
Cree Nation Youth Council, 2 Lakeshore Road, Nemaska-James Bay (Qu‚bec), Eeyou Ashee, J0Y 3B0, tel (819) 673-2600, fax (819) 673-2606.
Environmental Youth Alliance (EYA), PO Box 34097, Station D, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6J 4M1, tel: (604) 737-2258, fax: (604) 922-2520.
Environnement JEUnesse (ENJEU), 4545 Pierre de Coubertin, CP 1000, Succ. M., Montreal, Quebec, H1V 3R2, tel: (514) 252-3016, fax: (514) 254-5873.
Generation 2000, 347 Bay Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, M5H 2R3, tel: (416) 777-2590,
fax: (416) 777-2713.
International Institute for Sustainable Development,161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 0Y4, tel: (204) 958-7700, fax: (204) 958-7710.
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE), 1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1500, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 7B7, tel: (613) 992-7189, fax: (613) 992-7189.
United Nations of Youth International Secretariat (UNOY), Venedien 25, 1441 Ak Purmerend, The Netherlands, tel: 31-2990-36093, fax: 31-2990-27126.
World University Service of Canada (WUSC), Box 3000, Station C, Ottawa, Ontario,
K1Y 4M8, tel: (613) 798-7477, fax: (613) 798-0990.
Youth Action Network (formally World Affairs Canada), 100 Adelaide Street West, Suite 906, Toronto, Ontario, M5H 1S3, tel: (416) 757-3838, fax: (416) 752-5386.
Youth for Development and Cooperation (YDC), Overschiestraat 9, 1062 HN Amsterdam, The Netherlands, tel: 31-20-614-2510, fax: 31-20-617-5545.
Cite as: Projet de société: Canada and Agenda 21.Winnipeg: IISD, 1995. Online. Internet. http://iisd.ca/worldsd/canada/projet/c25.htm.
