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Trade and Sustainable Development … Selected Sources
Compiled by the Information for Sustainable Development Project Team - IISD
Anderson, Kym and Richard Blackhurst (eds.). The greening of world trade issues. New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992. 276 p.
Abstract: This volume arose from papers presented as background materials for GATT Secretariat's Annual report, International Trade 1990-91.
Andraca, Roberto de and Ken F. McCready. Internalizing environmental costs to promote eco-efficiency. Geneva: Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1994. 107 p.
Contents: (Selected): Eco-efficiency; Accounting for environmental costs; The enabling framework (Role of government, Direct regulations, Economic instruments); Competitiveness and trade. Appendix 5 has Case studies on economic instruments and building partnerships.
Abstract: Series of recommendations to government policy makers and business decision makers to make eco-efficiency (through internalizing environmental costs into businesses and then businesses moving those costs into the marketplace) the business norm for the 21st century.
Arden-Clarke, Charles. South-North terms of trade, environmental protection and sustainable development.Gland, CH: World Wide Fund for Nature - International, 1992. 12 p.
Arntzen, J, I. Hemmer and O. Kuik (eds). International trade and sustainable development. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992. 172 p
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Achieving the APEC vision : free and open trade in the Asia Pacific : second report of the Eminent Persons Group. Singapore: APEC Secretariat, 1994. 80 p.
Contents: The Asia Pacific in 1994; The global trading system; Regional trading arrangements; Bilateral disputes in the region; The evolution of APEC; Trade and investment facilitation; An APEC concord on investment principles; Standards; Monetary and macroeconomic policy; The environment; Antidumping policy and restrictive business practices; An APEC dispute mediation service; Trade liberalization; Unilateral liberalization; Open regionalism; Liberalization within APEC; Timing; Participation by individual members; Safeguards; Relationship to subregional arrangements; Rules of origin; Technical cooperation; Some important clarifications; The definition of community; Free trade in the area; A precipitate timetable?; Conclusion.
Abstract: Responds to the mandate to present further more specific proposals on how the recommended long term vision might be realized.
Audley, John J. National environmental groups and the North American Free Trade Agreement : political resources and the politics of issue neutralization.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University for Science and International Affairs, 1994.
Notes: Publishing information assumed. Presented as part of the Working Conference on Trade and the Environment, Pacific Basin Research Center, Harvard University Center for Science and International Affairs
Bandow, Doug and Ian Vasquez (eds). Perpetuating poverty : the World Bank, the IMF, and the developing world. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1994. 362 p.
Contents: Introduction: the dismal legacy and false promise of multilateral aid (Bandow and Vasquez); The IMF: a record of addiction and failure (Bandow); The political economy of the IMF: a public choice analysis (Vaubel); The World Bank and the impoverishment of nations (Bovard); Understanding the World Bank: a dispassionate analysis (Burnham); Western aid and Russian transition (Eberstadt); Fostering aid addiction in eastern Europe (Tammen); Aid for black elephants: how foreign assistance has failed Africa (Ayittey); Development planning in Latin America: the lifeblood of the mercantilist state (Roberts); Mexico, markets and multilateral aid (Leon); Brazilian hyperstagflation: the case against intervention (de Castro); Foreign aid and India's leviathan state (Kamath); Philippine development and the foreign assistance trap (McGurn); America's iron trade curtain against eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Bovard); The liberating potential of multinational corporations (Osterfeld); The high cost of trade protectionism to the third world (Finger); Self-determination through unilateral free trade (Powell).
Abstract: This book represents a collection of essays which dissect the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in promoting the politicization of economic life, in inhibiting private enterprise and delaying the emergence from poverty. The contributors argue that because of the nature of their structure, the bank and fund cannot change toward pro-market and pre-growth policies.
Belous, Richard S. and Jonathan Lemco (eds).NAFTA as a model of development : the benefits and costs of merging high- and low-wage areas. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995. 216 p.
Contents: Part I - Setting the stage: 1. The NAFTA development model of combining high- and low-wage areas - an introduction (Belous, Lemco); Implications of the NAFTA for wages and investment : 2. The NAFTA and wage convergence - a case of winners and losers (Reynolds), 3. The NAFTA, a social charter, and economic growth (Shaiken), 4. The NAFTA's winners and losers - a focus on investment (Cohen), 5. The NAFTA and downward wage pressure (Rothstein), 6. Dynamic integration, foreign investment, and open regionalism in the NAFTA and the Americas (Whiting); Part III - Implications of the NAFTA for development : 7. Expanding the NAFTA? From early pan-americanism to hemispheric economic integration (Grunwald), 8. The NAFTA and developing countries (Weintraub), 9. Dynamic gains from intra-regional trade in Latin America (Buitelaar); Part IV - Mexican perspectives : 10. A critical view of a NAFTA including Mexico (Zinser), 11. The NAFTA: A Mexican search for development (Castillo V.), 12. Mexican economic development and the NAFTA (Szabo), 13. Mexico's interests and the NAFTA (Bustamante); Part V. Canadian perspectives : 14. Canada's interests and the NAFTA (Wonnacott), 15. The development impact of the NAFTA - a Canadian perspective (Weston); Part VI Industry and labor perspectives : 16. Global trends and the impact on business in Latin America in the 1990's (Tessier), 17. A labor perspective on the NAFTA (Doherty), 18. The sector advisory process and the NAFTA (Zeltmann), 19. Trade liberalization and Mexico (Nigris); Part VII Regional trading blocs, social policies, and cross-border constituencies : 20. Can the EC social charter be a model for the NAFTA? (Hoffman), 21. The role of non-governmental organizations and the NAFTA (Thorup)
Abstract: This book discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in terms of its implications for job creation, reduced tariffs, and increased investment. Although the regional trading blocs merging in Europe, North America, and East Asia differ strikingly, there is one basic feature common to each - the formation of regional trading blocs involves a uniting of high- and low-wage areas. The authors address this issue directly, questioning whether NAFTA will promote upward or downward convergence of compensation rates, unit labor costs, and benefit levels. Equally important, they consider whether this trading arrangement will promote economic growth, investment, and efficiency. Viewpoints from the U.S., Canada, Mexico and from the business and labor communities are included.
Bengtsson, AnnaMaria, (ed.). The environment and free trade. Uppsala, SW: Uppsala University. Research Programme on Environmental Policy and Society, 1994. 138 p.
Notes: Report from a workshop held in Linkoping January 18-19, 1993, arranged jointly by EPOS, Uppsala University and the Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University.
Contents: (Selected): Ecology, economics and markets: internationalization and self-reliance as two competing ideologies; The role of environmental impact assessment in improving recycling in a free-trade situation; Life-cycle assessment and transboundary trade; Trade and regulations of pesticide usage: some observations regarding the Third World situation; Environmental management versus free trade: the view from marginalised livelihoods; Transboundary pollution and free trade
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Herman Daly. "Debate : does free trade harm the environment?" Scientific American (November 1993): 41-57.
Contents: Includes The case for free trade (Bhagwati). The perils of free trade (Daly).
Bochniarz, Zbigniew and David Toft. "Free trade and the environment in central Europe." European Environment 5 (1995):52-57.
Abstract: The state of the environment and the need for sustainable development strategies in Central Europe are discussed, with particular attention paid to the part that trade liberalization can play in this process.
Bredahl, Maury E., Nicole Ballenger and John C. Dunmore (eds). Agriculture, trade, and the environment : discovering and measuring the critical linkages. Boulder, Colo., 1996. 311 p.
Contents: Part One - Introduction (Bredahl, Ballenger, Dunmore); Part Two - Discovering the critical linkages: trade, international institutions and the environment: 2 - Trade and the environment: exploring critical linkages (Bhagwati), 3 - Trade and environment: a tale of two paradigms (Gruenspecht), 4 - GATT from the trenches (Smith), 5 - Competitiveness, harmonization, and the global economy (Charnovitz), 6 - Environmental side agreements: will they take center stage (Ballenger, Krissoff); Part Three - Discovering the critical linkages - trade, renewable resources and international environmental goods: 7 - International dimensions of environmental policy (Heal), 8 - Property rights and the dynamics of north-south trade (Chichilnisky), 9 - Environment, welfare and gains from trade: a North-South model in general equilibrium (Diao, Roe), 10 - Quantifying trade and environmental linkages through economy wide modeling (Whalley); Part Four - Measuring the critical linkages: 11 - On measuring the environmental impact of agricultural trade liberalization (Anderson, Strutt), 12 - Empirical foundations for environment-trade linkages: implications of an Andean study (Antle, Crissman, Wagenet, Hutson), 13 - Environmental policies in Europe and the effect on the balance of trade (Blom), 14 - Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of U.S. agriculture (Gardner), 15 - Trade implication of the EU Nitrate Directive: an emerging research priority (Leuck, Haley), 16 - International environmental indicators: trade, income, and endowments (Lucas); Part Five: Key questions and research needs: 17 - Key questions (Ervin, Keller), 18 - Research needs (Nelson), 19 - Reflections on research needs (Wessells).
Abstract: This book examines a number of issues related to linkages between trade and the environment through papers from a variety of authors largely presented at the symposium "Agriculture, Trade and the Environment: Understanding and Measuring the Critical Linkages." The first part of the book explores emerging critical linkages of trade, international institutions and the environment. The second part develops the conceptual linkages between trade, renewable resources and international environmental goods. The third part presents a variety of measurements of the critical linkages. Measurements range from the global effects of trade liberalization on the environment to the micro-level analysis of the impacts of trade policies on agricultural production and environmental quality in the Andes. Other chapters attempt to measure the impacts of environmental regulations on the competitiveness of agricultural production in the developed countries. The final part of the book attempts to identify research issues and the needs for future research.
Buitenkamp, M., H. Venner and T. Wams, (eds). Action plan : sustainable Netherlands : report. Amsterdam : Friends of the Earth, Netherlands, 1992. 186 p.
Contents: Environmental space (Energy, Water, Non-renewable resources, Agriculture and food, Forest and wood in 2010); Sustainable consumption in the Netherlands (Housing, home furnishings and water consumption, Agriculture and food in a sustainable Netherlands, Recreation and leisure time); Social consequences (Role of the government in a sustainable Netherlands, Trade and industry, Consumer, International aspects of the action plan, Use of environmental resources, government and social democracy, Liberal environmental policy in conformance with market forces)
Abstract: Attempts to indicate the practical implications of sustainable development, i.e. in terms of eating, living, traveling and working
Campbell, Bruce. Moving in the wrong direction : the North American Free Trade Agreement and environmental sustainability. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 1994. 11p.
Notes: Publishing information assumed. Presentation to conference on Trade and Environment, Centre for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, April 29-30, 1994.
Cameron, James (ed). Trade and the environment : the search for balance. London: Cameron May, 1994. 2 v.
Contents: (Selected): v.1 Greening of the GATT: some economic considerations (Pearce); TREMs, multilateralism and the GATT (Demaret); Tuna Dolphin case (Thaggert); Multilateral Trade Organisation (Cameron and Ward); Implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: international trade law implications (Cameron and Makuch). v.2. GATT documents; International environmental agreements; European documents; NAFTA documents.
Canada. The North American Free Trade Agreement at a glance. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993. 24 p.
Canada. External Affairs Canada. The Canada - US Free Trade Agreement. Ottawa: External Affairs Canada, 1987. 315 p.
Contents: Objectives and scope; Trade in goods; Government procurement; Services, investment and temporary entry; Financial services; Institutional provisions; Other provisions; Final provisions.
Abstract: The Agreement is divided into eight parts plus a preamble. Part I establishes the objectives and scope of the Agreement. Part II sets out the rules for trade in goods. Government procurement is dealt with in Part II. Part IV contains chapters on services, business travel and investment. Part V contains the general dispute settlement provisions and the special arrangements for dealing with antidumping and countervailing duty procedures. Part VI contains a series of miscellaneous provisions while Part VII contains provisions dealing with financial services. Part VIII contains the final provisions dealing with annexes, entry into force and duration.
Canada. NAFTA Environmental Review Committee. North American Free Trade Agreement : Canadian environmental review. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1992. 121 p.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Trade, competitiveness and the environment = Commerce, competitivit‚ et environnement. Winnipeg: CCME, 1993. 50 p.
Notes: Prepared for CCME by Centre of Trade Policy and Law and Institute for Research on Public Policy. Text in English and French.
Contents: Defining the relationship between trade, competitiveness and the environment; The impact of environmental policies on trade; Assessing the impact of trade agreements on the environment; Case studies; and Integrating environmental and trade policies.
Canadian Foundation for the Americas. Workshop on Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development in the Americas : Wednesday October 19 - Thursday October 20, 1994 Ottawa, Canada : Final Report. Ottawa, ON: FOCAL, 1994. 20 p.
Notes: This workshop was organized in collaboration with the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Latintrade, the National Round Table for Environment and Economy (NRTEE),and the Business Council on National Issues (BCNI).
Canadian Standards Association. Facilitating trade and protecting the environment : the role of private sector environmental standards in the North American free trade market : discussion paper prepared by the Canadian Standards Association for the Environmental Working Group of the Trilateral Standardization Forum. Rexdale, ON: CSA, 1994. 1 v . in various pagings
Contents: Environmental regulation; Standards Development Organizations (SDOs); Industry associations.
Abstract: Gives an overview of public and private sector efforts in Canada to protect and improve the environment, and to use this information to help define a role for private sector environmental standards in the NAFTA/NAAEC context.
Castaneda, Jorge G. The Mexican shock : its meaning for the United States. New York: The New Press, 1995. 257 p.
Contents: Introduction; 1 - Mexico and California: the paradox of tolerance and democratization; 2 - The Mexican difference; 3 - Can NAFTA change Mexico?: the risk of free trade; 4 - NAFTA and the succession; 5 - The Chiapas surprise; 6 - Colosio, Cardenas, and the not-so-great debate; 7 - An expected and frustrated transition; 8 - Anticlimax: the election of August 21, 1994; 9 - After the election and before the collapse; 10 - The December debacle; 11 - Democracy and inequality in Latin America: a tension of the times; Epilogue
Abstract: This book examines the key issues in Mexican life: the impact of emigration, the relationship between politics and economics, and the enormous cultural changes taking place as Mexico moves closer to the United States. The author also explores the United States' changing perceptions of Mexico and the basic historic and cultural outlooks that still divide the two countries. Finally, he examines the campaign behind proposition 187 in California, discussing the dangerous mix of ignorance and bias that has formed so much of America's reaction to Mexico.
Castillo, Gustavo del and Gustavo Vega Canovas.The politics of free trade in North America. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa - Centre for Trade Policy and Law, 1995. 292 p
Contents: 1 -Introduction (Castillo, Canovas); 2 - Private sector trade advisory groups in North America - a comparative perspective (Castillo); 3 - Perspectives on Free Trade: a comparative study of North American small and medium-sized manufacturing firms (Castillo); 4 - The North American Free Trade Agreement in context - a Mexican perspective (Castillo, Canovas); 5 - NAFTA and the auto sector (Canovas); 6 - NAFTA and financial services (Canovas); 7 - Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Group of Three (G-3) Free Trade Agreement - a model for the Western Hemisphere? (Canovas); 8 - The mobility of labour in North America: a track for future negotiations (Castillo); 9 - NAFTA: the first year (Castillo, Canovas).
Abstract: This book discusses institutions and procedures that were involved in moving towards a North American trilateral free trade agreement. Several of the chapters provide an historical outline of North American trade negotiations and the role and reaction of the private sector to them. Several areas were discussed: the role of the private sector in trade negotiations; representation of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms in NAFTA and the hurdles that they face in benefiting from NAFTA; the NAFTA negotiations: process, outcome, and sectoral impacts; a case study of the process and final outcome of the negotiations in the automotive sector; the inclusion of financial services and their relation to the promotion of growth and efficiency; the next steps as well as the long-term future evolution of NAFTA.
Cavanagh, John (ed.). Trading freedom : how free trade affects our lives, work and environment. Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 1992. 138 p.
Columbia University. Columbia Business School."Corporate environmentalism." Columbia journal of world business 27 (3/4, Fall/winter 1992). 291 p.
Contents: (Selected): UNCED, environmentalism and beyond (Cairncross), The business logic of sustainable development (Schmidheiny), Business, science and environmental politics (Baden), Market innovation and the global environment (Chichilnisky), Capital markets and sustainable development (Rada and Trisoglio), Beyond the diplomatic curtain (Benedick), New corporate roles in global environmental treaty-making (Susskind), Environmental protection and the GATT (Gavin), Draft-horse, not dragon: observations on trade and the environment (Sills), The corporation as non-government organization (Fri), Japan's policy for sustainable development (Fukukawa), The shape of the EC and sustainable development (di Meana), The European Environmental Agency in the context of environmental policy (Bourdeau), The German packaging order (Micklitz), Environmental taxes and US competitiveness (Repetto), Implementing the Montreal Protocol to restore the ozone layer (Munasinghe and King), Environmental technology cooperation: a quid pro quo for transnational corporations and developing countries (Wescott), Sustainable development vs. global environment (Singer), The energy dimensions of sustainable development (Duncan), The environment and the need for new technology: empowerment and ethical values (Saemann), Environmentally friendly development: can the private sector succeed where others have failed (Marcil), Corporate environmental communications: lessons from investors (Mastrandonas and Strife), Achieving sustainable communication (Harrison), Marketing green products in the triad (Simon), The challenge of sustainable development: Kodak's response (Poduska, Forbes and Bober).
Commission on Global Governance. Our global neighbourhood. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press, 1995. 410 p.
Contents: (Selected): Military transformations (The arms trade, Rise in civil conflict, Widespread violence); Economic trends (Persistent poverty, Eastern Europe's experience, Private sector); Social and environmental change (Population, Global media, Agents of change in civil society, Empowerment of people); Values for the global neighbourhood (Global civic ethic, Combating corruption); Promoting security (Ending the threat of mass destruction: Eliminating nuclear weapons, The non-proliferation treaty, Chemical and biological weapons, Military spending, Arms transfers, Inculcating a culture of non-violence); Managing economic interdependence (Global decision making, Regionalism and informal multilateralism, An apex body: an Economic Security Council, Rules for trade and international competition : Trade and the WTO, Towards a strengthened multilateral trade regime; The IMF and global economic stability; Development assistance and the fight against poverty, Migration, Protecting the environment: Sustainable development and Agenda 21, Market instruments and the environment, The global commons, Principles of global environmental governance); Reforming the United Nations (Security Council, General Assembly, Trusteeship, Global civil society (Non governmental organizations, A people's assembly), Reforming UN economic and social operations, UNCTAD and UNIDO, Putting women at the centre; Strengthening the rule of law world-wide (The Security Council and the world court, Promoting international law); Call to action: Summary of Commission proposals.
Abstract: Deals with how the world has been transformed since 1945, making changes necessary in our governance arrangement. Recommends promoting security (including the security of people and the planet), for managing economic interdependence, for reforming the United Nations in ways that also offer a larger role to people through the organizations of international civil society and for extending on the global stage the rule of law.
Conca, Ken, Michael Alberty and Geoffrey D. Dabelko (eds).Green planet blues : environmental politics from Stockholm to Rio. Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1995. 328 p.
Contents: Two decades of global environmental politics (Conca et al); The limits to growth (Meadows et al); Environment and development: the case of the developing countries (Augusto and Castro); The tragedy of the commons (Hardin); No tragedy of the commons (Buck); The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later (Geeny et al); The scarcity society (Ophuls); Laws, states and super-states: international law and the environment (Johnston); The shadow ecologies of western economics (MacNeill); Global technopolitics (Pirages); The green revolution: the American environmental movement 1962-1992 (Sale); The emergence of the environmental movement in Eastern Europe and its role in the revolutions of 1989 (Fisher); Fight for the forest (Gross); Ozone diplomacy (Benedick); Ozone layer depletion and global warming (Rowlands); Skinning scientific cats (Jasanoff); Global warming in an unequal world: a case of environmental colonialism (Agarwal and Narain); Appraising the Earth Summit: how should we judge UNCED's success? (Haas et al); The case for free trade (Bhagwati); The perils of free trade (Daly); The emperor's new clothes: the World Bank and environmental reform (Rich); The role of the World Bank (Piddington); Towards sustainable development; Whose common future? (Lohman); Sustainable development: a critical review (Lele); Environmental scarcities and violent conflict (Homer-Dixon); Environmental security: how it works (Myers); The case against linking environmental degradation and national security (Deudney); For whose benefit? redefining security (Saad); The need for eco-justice (Kelly); Statement to UNCED (Mohamad); Women, poverty and population: issues for the concerned environmentalist (Sen); Two agendas on Amazon development (COICA).
Abstract: The book begins with a discussion of some of the dominant paradigms and controversies that shaped debate at the time of the Stockholm Conference, and during the conference itself. The material in Part I focuses in particular on the two most provocative and influential ideas of the Stockholm era: first the notion that there are inherent "limits to growth" on a planet of finite natural resources and limited ecological resilience; and second, the claim that self-interested individual behavior often adds up to a global tragedy of the commons. The second part examines how the structure of the international system shapes the types of problems we face and the types of solutions we can imagine. Parts III and IV then turn to examine the challenges of international cooperation and institutional reform. The volume concludes with three powerful and controversial new paradigms that crystallized in the two decades between Stockholm and Rio: sustainable development, environmental security and ecological justice.
Dahl, Arthur L. "Global sustainability and its implications for trade." Trade and Environment Bulletin 009 (July 28, 1994) 4 p.
Daly, Herman E. and R. Goodland. "An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT." Ecological Economics 9 no. 1 (1994). 73-92.
Dawkins, Kristin, et al. Full cost, life-cycle accounting and pricing for sustainable development : agriculture as a case study (draft). Minneapolis: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 1994. 28 p.
Abstract: The authors elaborate a method for analyzing full life-cycle costs and consider some of the public policy implications of its use. They then take a brief look at historical problems resulting from the lack of full cost, life-cycle pricing in agriculture and review contemporary proposals for internalizing some costs through anti-dumping policy and the new Uruguay Round rules of the GATT. Finally, the authors present recommendations and a brief conclusion.
Deardorff, Allan and Robert Stern. Analytical and negotiating issues in the global trading system. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1994. 629 p.
Contents: Introduction and overview; Multilateral trade negotiations and preferential trading arrangements (Deardorff and Stern); On the importance and extent of rent sharing in the multi-fibre arrangement: evidence from U.S.-Hong Kong trade in apparel (Krishna and Tan); Reforming the European Community's common agricultural policy: who stands to gain? (Hertel et al); Do rules control power? GATT articles and arrangements in the Uruguay Round (Finger and Dhar); The trade effects of antidumping investigations: theory and evidence (Staiger and Wolak); Quid pro Quo restraints and spurious injury: subsidies and the prospect of CVDs (Leidy); Optimal pursuit of safeguard actions over time (Mayer); GATT, dispute settlement and cooperation (Kovenock and Thursby); Trade-related intellectual property rights: issue and exploratory results (Maskus and Konan); TRIMS, policy change and the role of the GATT (Mutti); Conceptual and political economy issues in liberalizing international transactions in services (Hoekman); Fair trade, reciprocity and harmonization: the new challenge to the theory and policy of free trade (Bhagwati)
Abstract: Contributors address the principles of the global trading system in an analytical manner. Topics covered include: multilateral trade negotiations and preferential arrangements; rent sharing; reforming the European Community's common agricultural policy; GATT articles and arrangements; antidumping investigations; intellectual property rights; among others.
DeRosa, Dean A. Regional trading arrangements among developing countries : the ASEAN example. IFPRI research reports no.103. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1995. 129 p.
Contents: Summary; The international setting and the resurgence of regionalism; Regional trading arrangements in economic theory; The ASEAN economies in the Global Trading System; ASEAN economic arrangements and the Free Trade Area Plan; Quantitative analysis of the AFTA plan; Conclusion
Abstract: In January 1992, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) announced its intention to form the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Covering intrabloc trade in both agriculture and manufactured goods, the AFTA plan was inaugurated in 1995 and implementation was expected by 2003. This report investigates whether the AFTA plan should be expected to significantly reduce the disincentives to agriculture in the major ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). The analysis suggests that the bias against agriculture and other natural resource-based sectors is reduced, but by margins that are less than would occur under nondiscriminatory, or most-favored-nation trading liberalization. More generally, the author examines whether the new free trade area is likely to promote production, consumption, and trade by the five major ASEAN countries in a manner consistent with the aims of multilateralism, especially the most-favored-nation principle of nondiscriminatory trade relations that underlies the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the new World Trade Organization (WTO). The author concludes that the AFTA plan is mainly trade-creating but that the discriminatory nature of the AFTA plan towards trade outside of the bloc yields only small improvements in the economic welfare of most ASEAN countries. In addition to providing quantitative analysis of these issues using a trade-focused computable general equilibrium model for the ASEAN countries, the author reviews the economic theory of preferential trading areas and the history of ASEAN efforts at regional economic cooperation.
Econolynx International Ltd. Impact of liberalizing the MFA for Bangladesh on specific Canadian clothing sectors. Ottawa: Canadian International Development Agency. 1992. 40 p.
Contents: Introduction; The North American textile and clothing trade environment; The Canadian textile and clothing industry; Canadian imports of Bangladesh clothing
Abstract: Determines the major issues that will have an effect on the Bangladesh textiles and clothing industry when quotas are removed globally in the year 2003, under the ATC. Develops a strategy which will address those issues in a manner that will provide the textiles and clothing industry of Bangladesh with the best means to meet and cope with the increased competitiveness of a quota free international market. Considers the role of Canada in offering rapid or complete liberalization from quotas on Bangladesh garment imports. Finally, assesses the possible impact on Canadian domestic garment producers of MFA liberalization and S&D treatment for Bangladesh.
Esty, Daniel C. Greening the GATT : trade, environment and the future. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994. 319 p.
Contents: (Selected): GATTing the greens; New rules for trade and environment disputes; Wielding swords: the offensive use of environmental trade measures; More swords: competitiveness, ecoduties and harmonization; Battle for sustainable development (Sustainability versus development, Ecoimperialism, Trade not aid). Appendices: C: Key trade and environment cases; D: Multilateral environmental agreements with trade provisions; E: Matrix of appropriate unilateral trade measures.
Abstract: Analyzes the policy failures that have contributed towards the conflict between freer trade and environmental protection, and recommends the creation of a global environmental organization to protect environmental policies from neglect by competitiveness-driven governments.
European Chemical Industry Council. Trade and environment : free-trade and environmental protection. Brussels: European Chemical Industry Council, CEFIC, 1994. 6 p.
Abstract: The paper analyzes the relationship between environmental policies and international trade as a component of sustainable development and to arrive at coherent positions on key issues.
Ferretti, Janine H. Statement on behalf of Pollution Probe before the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs on the North American Free Trade Agreement and the promotion of sustainable development. Toronto: Pollution Probe, 1992. 17 p.
Ferretti, Janine H. "The internalization of environmental costs and the implications for the trading system." Trade and Environment Bulletin 009 (July 28, 1994) 8 p.
Figueroa, Eugenio. Sustainable development in the APEC context : the role of regional organizations (s.l.): The Author, 1995. 44 p.
Conference: Pacific Trade and Development Conference on Environment and Development in the Pacific (22 : 1995 : Ottawa)
Contents: Introduction; How to pay for environmental sustainability; Developing world's own resources; Concessional environmental aid from the north; Nonconcessional environmental assistance from the north; Improving north's concessional and nonconcessional environmental assistance to the south.
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the work conducted or sponsored by regional multilateral organizations, such as the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, in order to evaluate their contribution to sustainable economic growth within the Asia-Pacific region, and propose ways of increasing and making more efficient this contribution in the future.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.[Official statements by the GATT Secretariat and the Group of Environmental Measures and International Trade, and news service announcements and miscellaneous clippings]. Geneva: GATT, 1992. v. in box.
Notes: Title supplied. Dates of publication vary. Publications catalogues included.
Contents: (Selected): Information on trade and jobs; Trade and the environment: news and views from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (bulletin); Report of the GATT Secretariat to the second meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Development May 1994); Trade and the environment, factual note;
Goldin, Ian, Odin Knudsen and Donomique Van Der Mensbrugghe. Trade liberalization : global economic implications. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993. 217 p.
Contents: Rural/urban-North/South (RUNS) model; Analysis of trade liberalization; Latin America; Africa; Tropical products exporters; Asia; Post-Soviet agriculture; Technological change
Abstract: General equilibrium model developed by the OECD Development Centre and the World Bank in order to gain insights into international, regional and national impacts of trade liberalization on agricultural development and food security.
Guevara, Maria Isolda P. Trade, sustainable development, and the environment : a bibliography. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 190 p.
Notes: Includes appendices that contain glossaries of terms, acronyms and abbreviations, and lists of general bibliographies, directories, and databases.
Contents: State of the environment : challenges and the search for solutions; Environment and development : general issues and perspectives; Trade and environment : complementary or conflict; Environment and business; Sustainable development : concepts, principles, policies, and strategies; UNCED : preparation, results, and prospects; The IMF, World Bank, OECD, United Nations, and multinational corporations; Environmental agreements, laws, policies, regulations, and instruments; Environmental law and policy : general perspectives; Environmental regulations : implications on the relocation of industries and harmonization of standards; Instruments of environmental policy; Environmental agreements and laws; Ecolabelling and packaging; The environment and the GATT, B : NAFTA and the environment; The environment and key sectors : focus on agriculture, energy, and forestry; Environment and development - theoretical, analytical, and methodological issues.
Abstract: This bibliography provides research assistance in the area of trade, sustainable development, and the environment. Entries are classified by major topic. The various major classifications are as follows: A - Trade, sustainable development, and the environment : survey of issues and perspectives, B - Trade, environment, and international organizations : the IMF, the World Bank, OECD, United Nations, and multinational corporations, C - Environmental agreements, laws, policies, regulations, and instruments, D - The environment, GATT, NAFTA, and other trading arrangements, E - The environment and key sectors: focus on agriculture, energy, and forestry, F - Environment and development : theoretical, analytical, and methodological issues.
Han, Taek-Whan(ed). Trade-environment issues and Korea's alternatives. Seminar proceedings 94-05. Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy KIEP, 1994. 141 p.
Contents: Trade, environmental issues, and Asian-Pacific economic growth (Anderson); Trade and environment in U.S. politics and policy: implications for the Korean economy (Porter); The Uruguay Round and trade-environment issues: a Chinese view (Li and Zhao); New world trade system and trade-environment issues: a Korean perspective (Han); Reconciling free trade and the protection of global commons: tasks for Korean environmental policy makers (Kwak)
Abstract: These proceedings are a collection of papers and discussions presented by the speakers and other participants at a seminar co-hosted by the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy and the Korea Environmental Technology Research Institute, April 1994.
Hansen, Stein, Jan Hesselberg and Helge Hveem (eds).International trade regulation, national development strategies and the environment : towards sustainable development? Occasional papers from SUM 2. University of Oslo : Centre for Development and the Environment, 1996. 434 p.
Contents: (Selected) PART I : Ethics, epistemology and the environment: focus on economy and philosophy: Introduction, The use of cost-benefit analysis to decide environmental policy - a dead end? (Westkog), Strategy and ethics in international negotiations on environmental questions (Hylland), Ethics and environmental decision-making (Moestad), Diminishing returns and economic sustainability: the dilemma of resource-based economies under a free trade regime (Reinert); PART II - Public agents and the environment: focus on intergovernmental organizations: Introduction, Trade and environment in the OECD: the 1995 report to ministers and future work (Andrew), The role of international organizations in local and global development (Arda), The World Trade Organization. Rules of the road for trade (Sivertsen), The use of trade measures to address environmental concerns and the effect of their use on development (Shaw), Environmental policies and multilateral development assistance: the case of the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank (Boas), International trade and the environment: product requirements and market access for developing countries (Martin), The World Trade Organization and international environmental agreements (Fauchald); PART III - Private agents and the environment: focus on TNCs, locational and local perspectives: Introduction, Polluting industries - "industrial flight" or "locational shift" (Knutsen), The pollution haven hypothesis - some perspectives on theory and empirics (Jensen), Theories of transnational corporations, environment and development - a review of four dominant perspectives (Hansen), The interface between trade and bio-economics (Schulz), Trade and the environment - the role of transport costs (Torgersen), Controversy or mutual support? Challenges and opportunities in the trade and environment interface (Baumann).
Abstract: This volume considers the relationships between economics development strategies, international trade and the environment. It contains a collection of most of the written contributions to the conference of the same name that was held at the University of Oslo on the 5th and 6th of October 1995. The authors are from a variety of different disciplines ranging from business to economics to law. Contributions to the volume fall under three broad themes: Ethics, epistemology and the environment: focus on economy and philosophy; Public agents and the environment: focus on intergovernmental organization; Private agents and the environment: focus on transnational corporations (TNCs), locational and local perspectives.
Harwell, Chris and Robin Rosenberg. "Free trade and the environment : the north/south challenge." North-South Issues on Environment (April 1992). 6 p.
Abstract: Ecological quality of life has declined and will continue to decline unless multilateral, North/South cooperation is strengthened. Environmental considerations are issues that must now be dealt with on the bargaining table as essential components of a stable world economy and necessary precursors to sustainable development.
Helleiner, Gerald K. (ed.). Trade policy, industrialization, and development : new perspectives. WIDER studies in development economics. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 1992. 324 p.
Notes: Papers presented at a conference at World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University in Helsinki in Aug.1988
Contents: Learning and productivity change in developing countries, by Howrad Pack. Firm (or plant) size in the analysis of trade and development, by R. Albert Berry. Market structure and trade in developing countries, by Norman Lee. Externalities, development and trade, by Frances Stewart and Ejaz Ghani. Closing the productivity gap: does trade liberalization really help, by Dani Rodrik. Marketing manufactured exports from developing countries: learning sequences and public support, by Donald B. Keesing and Sanjaya Lall. Foreign direct investment and patterns of industrialization and trade in developing countries: the Brazilian experience, by Winston Fritsch and Gustavo H.V. Franco. High-technology exports and strategic trade policy in developing countries: the case of Brazilian aircraft. by Richard Baldwin. International competition and market penetration: a model of the growth strategy of the Korean semiconductor industry, by Chang-Ho Yoon. Total factor productivity in automobile production in Argentina, Mexico, Korea and Canada: the impacts of protection, by Leonard Waverman and Steven Murphy
Hewison, Grant. Reconciling trade and the environment : issues for New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Victoria University of Wellington, Institute of Policy Studies, 1995. 78 p.
Contents: (Selected): Realizing New Zealand's "Clean green trade opportunities": Perception of New Zealand in its major markets. The "green" consumer, From image to reality: sustainable agriculture, sustainable tourism, Does trade benefit or harm the environment: the case of New Zealand agriculture, Environmental impacts of agricultural liberalization; Environmental restrictions on trade: environmental measures that impact on trade: Import bans, Export bans, Eco-labelling, Eco packaging, German packaging law, Eco standards, Environmental charges and taxes, Subsidies, Animal welfare, Consumer boycotts; International trade rules governing environmental regulations and standards: plant and animal health, Technical barriers to trade; Competitiveness; Intellectual property rights.
Abstract: Reconciliation of trade and environmental policies for New Zealand is crucial as the country is dependent on free international trade and sustainable environmental management for strong economic growth. Examines issues affected by the lowering of tariff barriers under the Uruguay Round.
HIVOS, NCOS, NIO-Vereniging, Novib. The south on the world market : preconditions for sustainable international trade The Hague: HIVOS, 1991. 91 p.
Contents: New relationships between South and North; The price of liberalization; Bad times for commodities; Sustainability of international trade; Restrictions for transnational corporations; The future of GATT and UNCTAD.
Hofrichter, Richard (ed). Toxic struggles : the theory and practice of environmental justice. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers, 1993. 260 p.
Contents: (Selected); Capitalism and the crisis of environmentalism (Faber, O'Connor); Anatomy of environmental racism (Bullard); Building a new vision: feminist, green socialism (Mellor); Creating a culture of destruction: gender, militarism and the environment (Seager); Feminism and ecology (King); Cultural activism and environmental justice (Hofrichter); Race, gender and the environment: a society based on conquest cannot be sustained: native peoples and the environmental crisis (LaDuke); Blue collar women and toxic waste protests: process of politicization (Krauss); Building on our past, planning for our future: communities of color and the quest for environmental justice (Miller); Unequal protection: the racial divide in environmental law (Lavelle, Coyle); Ecofeminism and grassroots environmentalism in the United States (Epstein); Hidden environment: crisis at work: Effects of occupational injury, illness and disease on the health status of Black Americans: a review (Wright, Bullard); Farm workers at risk; Global connection: exploitation of developing countries: Corporate plundering of Third World resources (Weissman); Trading away the environment: Free Trade agreements and environmental degradation (Ritchie); Economics and environmental justice: rethinking North South relations (Peng)
Abstract: Discusses how in local communities across the country people of colour, the poor, women, migrant farm workers and industrial workers are joining forces with civil rights, peace and local community activists to challenge corporate polluters.
Housman, Robert F. and Paul M. Orbuch.Integrating labor and environmental concerns into the North American Free Trade Agreement : a look back and a look ahead. American University journal of international law and policy 7 (1992): 1-99.
Housman, Robert. Reconciling trade and the environment : lessons from the North American Free Trade Agreement. Environment and trade no.3. Geneva, CH: United Nations Environment Programme, 1994. 65 p.
Hudson, Stewart. The environmental impact of trade liberalization : charting a course towards sustainable development. Washington, D.C.: National Wildlife Federation, 1993. 13 p.
Notes: Handout at International symposium of trade and the environment, November 10-12, 1993
Conference: International Symposium on Trade and the Environment (1993 : Minneapolis).
Hudson, Stewart. Trade, environment and the pursuit of sustainable development. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation NWF, 1991. 10 p.
Abstract: Largely ignored is the need to integrate trade and environmental concerns in the service of a higher goal: the promotion of sustainable development. Though often unwieldy the concept of sustainable development offers an intellectual framework for understanding the need for, and the benefits obtained from, uniting trade and environmental concerns.
Inger, David. Free trade and the consequences for the environment. Gaborone, Botswana: The author, 1991. 20 p.
Contents: 1 -Botswana - "Development," poverty, and prosperity; 2 - Botswana and international trade; 3 - Africa and free trade; 4 - Trade, aid, and the environment.
Abstract: Paper presented at the Symposium on World Trade in Our Common Future - Amsterdam - Sept. 14th 1991.
Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Centre.Free trade and runaway plants : a policy report to Congress. Albuquerque, NM: Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Centre, 1993. 14 p.
International Institute for Sustainable Development.Trade and sustainable development principles. http://iisd1.iisd.ca/trade/trdhom.htm.
Abstract: An innovative and practical guiding framework for policy-makers and those who shape policy in a wider sense, to help achieve sustainable development where trade, environment and development intersect.
International Institute for Sustainable Development. Workshop on trade, the environment, and sustainable development, April 14, 1992, Winnipeg : background materials. Winnipeg: IISD, 1992. 1 v. (various pagings).
Contents: Trade, the environment and sustainable development: a survey of the issues (Draft); Trade and the environment, International trade 1990/91 (GATT); Trade, the environment and the pursuit of sustainable development (Hudson); Trade and sustainable development (Institute for Research on Public Policy).
Abstract: Workshop to analyze sustainable development issues arising from the current GATT and NAFTA negotiations.
International Institute for Sustainable Development.The World Trade Organization and sustainable development: an independent assessment. http://iisd1.iisd.ca/trade/wto/wtoreport.htm
Contents: Executive summary; Trade and sustainable development in the World Trade Organization; WTO General Council: transparency, participation, and relations with other organizations; WTO bodies; Trade policy reviews; Dispute settlement body; Related organizations; Relations with other organizations; Conclusions; Appendix A; WTO structure.
Abstract: This report summary reviews the progress of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in linking trade and sustainable development. Trade liberalization is identified as a necessary but not sufficient condition for the achievement of sustainable development. The authors note that greater access to Northern markets would provide the funds required by developing Southern economies but this can be damaging to the environment without adequate environmental policies. The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment is pursuing a narrow mandate in a technical manner with little progress expected towards making recommendations about modifications to the multilateral trading system. The dispute resolution regime is reviewed, including the WTO Venezuela Panel. The shortcomings of the new WTO approach to transparency are discussed including the delays in de-restricting documents and the lack of non-governmental organization (NGO) access to the WTO. The report identifies both limited political support in Northern countries for accommodating environmental concerns and the fears of developing countries that their accommodation may lead to the creation of new trade barriers. The report concludes that the WTO has failed to recognize that trade liberalization without adequate safeguards will lead to environmental deterioration on a massive scale. Several recommendations are made with respect to the WTO, these include: changes to the mandates of the Councils and Committees; reform of the dispute resolution mechanism; increased transparency and scope for participation of NGOs and business groups; equitable implementation of the rules that relate to the relationship between trade and the environment; and the development of an agreement on trade and the environment that would involve the use of process and production methods to promote sustainable development.
Islam, Nurul and Murray Smith. Trade and sustainable development. Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1992. 71 p.
Notes: Prepared for the International Institute for Sustainable Development with assistance from Wenguo Cai and Isolda Guevara.
Contents: (Selected): Impact of environmental policies on trade; Impact of trade and investment policy on sustainable development; Global, sectoral and national dimensions; Research interests/activities of international and national organizations.
Jenkins, Rhys. "Does trade liberalization lead to productivity increases? : a case study of Bolivian manufacturing." Journal of International Development 7 (4, 1995) : 577-597. 21 p.
Abstract: The impact of a more open trade regime on productivity is often cited as a major argument for trade liberalization. This paper reviews the theoretical arguments linking trade liberalization and productivity growth and the existing empirical evidence. It then provides an analysis of the Bolivian experience since the mid-1980s, paying particular attention to three main mechanisms through which liberalization might lead to increased productivity. It concludes that there is no evidence that the Bolivian trade reforms have led to improved productivity performance.
Johnson, Pierre Marc and Andre Beaulieu.The environment and NAFTA : understanding and implementing the new continental law. Washington, D. C. : Island Press, 1996. 412 p.
Contents: Part I - The context of NAFTA and NAAEC. Part II - Environmental content in the main treaty text. PART III - The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. Part IV - Dispute settlement : the effectiveness of domestic environmental enforcement. Part V - Conclusion.
Abstract: This book deals with NAFTA's environmental implications. It discusses the context in which such implications were brought to the negotiating table and the legal mechanism put in place to address them, as well as the original trilateral institution set up to maintain the focus on environmental cooperation at the continental level. This book describes the international environmental public policy-making that took place in the context of NAFTA. Special attention is devoted to the role and positions of NGOs. The authors seek to inform the reader about the environmental implications of NAFTA and the context in which the three governments had to integrate environmental concerns in a large, complex, commercial negotiation. The provisions of NAFTA that refer to or may have an impact on the environmental policies and measures taken to implement them are presented an analyzed in the light of precedents. The provisions of NAFTA that address the concern that pollution havens may act as investment magnets as well as the harmonization of environmental standards are discussed. This book also attempts to gauge the impact of globalization (and regionalization) on efforts to protect the human environment. The authors attempt to explain how the functioning of NAFTA, and its interaction with the environmental parallel agreement, might take place and how they will impact on trade policies and practices, domestic and regional environmental protection efforts, and the relationships among Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
Johnstone, Nick. "Commentary : trade liberalization, economic specialization and the environment." Ecological Economics 14 (1995): 165-173.
Abstract: A great deal has been written, and a great deal of debate has raged, on the effects of international trade and trade liberalization on the environment. Given that it is only recently that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has begun to address the interdependence of the international economy and the international environment in a systematic way, it is likely that the debate will continue for quite some time. It will be argued that the economic case for there being benign environmental consequences associated with trade liberalization is flawed in important ways. This is due to statistical, empirical and conceptual issues which affect the estimation of such effects. Moreover, it will be argued that despite the intensity of the debate the effects of international trade on the environment have in fact only been addressed in an incidental manner. Rather, the debate has concentrated on factors that may coexist with trade, but not on the role itself,. This has served to obscure the more fundamental environmental effects of trade liberalization through the homogenization and specialization of ecosystems.
"Joint statement on APEC and economic liberalization by NGOs in the APEC region." Third World Economics (126, 1995) : 12-14.
Abstract: Joint statement on APEC and economic liberalization by NGOs in the APEC region opposing moves by several developed countries to convert APEC into a free trade arrangement. NGO's are anxious that APEC countries should not accept rapid liberalization without prior detailed studies.
Kaczynski, Vlad M. Market conditions and sustainable development of fishery resources.Seattle, WA: University of Washington, School of Marine Affairs, 1991. 57 p.
Contents: (Selected): Exploitive development of the marine living resources; Pressures of market forces on patterns and intensity of resource use; Implications of international market mechanisms on marine fishery resource utilization and the environment (Increasing demand and biomass fishing, Trade barriers and their effect on the resource use and environment); Policy recommendations (Economic incentives and disincentives)
Kirton, John. Sustainable development as a focus for Canadian foreign policy. Working paper series. No.25. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1994. 28 p.
Contents: (Selected): Beyond trade and competitiveness: Canadian foreign policy in 1990s; The new economic agenda: strengthening trade-environment links; The new environmental agenda: pursuing the promise of Rio; The new development agenda: coordinating resource redeployment; The new political agenda: building social accountability; The new security agenda: fostering environmental security; Global governance: shaping the new internationalism. Appendix A: Core definitions, principles, and dimensions of sustainable development (including discussion on sustainable development and common security); Appendix B: Public opinion on sustainable development as a Canadian foreign policy priority (and tables from Angus Reid, Goldfarb, Decima and Harris).
Kirton, John and Sarah Richardson (eds.).Trade, environment and competitiveness: sustaining Canada's prosperity. National Round Table series on sustainable development. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1992. 393 p.
Notes: Proceedings of a conference held in Toronto, Nov. 4 1991.
Contents: Pref. by George Connell, Arthur Hanson. Trade environment links, by Jim MacNeill, Tom d'Aquino. Stakeholders' perspectives, by Adam Zimmerman, Guy Saint-Pierre, Michelle Swenarchuk, Rosemarie Kuptana. Federal government roles, by Frank Oberle, Louise Frechette, Leonard Good, Harry Rogers. Regional experiences, by Joseph Greenwald, Gustavo Vega-Cisneros, Lacques Lecoomte, Yuri Scherbak, Makitaro Hotta, Juanjai Ajanat. Multilateral regimes, by Piritta Sorsa, Candice Stevens. Future challenges, by Pierre Marc Johnson, Nural Islam.
Kox, Henk and Ruurd Stellinga.Sustainable development, intensity of resource use and international market structures for agricultural products. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1991. 85 p.
Notes: Report to UNCTAD Commodities Division, Dec. 1991.
Contents: (Selected): Resource use and environment in agricultural production; International market conditions and environmental pressure in agriculture: a conceptual model; Market structures, resource use and environment in selected agri-ecological systems: case studies; Ecological lessons and policy alternatives. Annexes: Pesticide use in agriculture; Preliminary steps for creating International Environment and Commodity Agreements (IECAs).
Abstract: Forms part of a wider UNCTAD study on links between market conditions and the intensity of resource use in four commodity sectors: agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining. Project to provide basis for policy proposals which will ensure international commodity trade promotes sustainable development.
Kozo, Mayumi. Development, ecological degradation and north-south trade. Mankato, MN: Human Economy Papers, 1993. 14 p.
Lee, James R. " Process and product : making the link between trade and the environment." International Environmental Affairs 6 no. 4 (Fall 1994): p. 320-347.
LeQuesne, Caroline. Reforming world trade : the social and environmental priorities. Oxfam insight. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 1996. 114 p.
Contents: Introduction; 1 - The Uruguay Round: From GATT to WTO, Winners and losers, Unresolved issues; 2 - International trade and labour standards: The garments industry in Bangladesh, Codes of conduct, The role of the ILO, The case for a social cause, Lessons from other trade agreements, The way forward; 3 - Reconciling trade and sustainable development: Profits and pollution havens, International trade...economic growth and the environment, The WTO - an inadequate framework for sustainable development, Sustainable natural resource management, Case study - promotion of a sustainable banana trade, Institutional reform; 4 - An agenda for reform: The case for reform.
Abstract: This report focuses on the WTO, and makes the case that it has so far failed to create a viable framework for the social and environmental regulation of international trade. The report is in four chapters: the first provides an overview of the recently completed Uruguay Round, and demonstrates how the greatest economic benefits resulting from the Agreement will go to industrialized nations. At the same time, the social and environmental costs of trade liberalization mean that a growing number of people in both North and South face the risk of increased marginalization. The chapter also focuses on the absence of trade and labour standards, and trade and environment in the Uruguay Round negotiations. The second and third chapters use OXFAM case studies to make the case for minimum social and environmental standards in international trade agreements. The final chapter offers an agenda for reform with recommendations for both the short and long term.
Martin, J. Trade liberalization and rural restructuring in Canada. Brandon: Brandon University. Rural Development Institute, 1991. 52 p.
Contents: Paper #1 - The impact of trade liberalization and federal regional development programs on rural Canada (Martin, MacRae); Paper # 2 - An ill-considered pact : the Canada-United States Trade Agreement and the agricultural geography of North America (Troughton)
Abstract: The first paper in this publication explores the impacts on rural communities of impending trade liberalization within the European Economic Community (EEC). Following a summary of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSTA), later renegotiated with the inclusion of Mexico to become the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the authors describe an evaluation framework proposed to the federal government that could be used ot address urban/rural differences. The government's 1988 forecast of the impact of the agreement on various industries is reviewed. A synopsis of the Canadian federal government's regional/rural development and social security programs is provided, along with a description of some lessons learnt from decades of attempts at promoting economic and social development throughout Canada. A final section outlines some general policy concerns that may help animate the exploration of rural development policy issues. The second paper examines the problems with the proposed free trade in agriculture between Canada and the U.S. that is part of CUSTA. The author suggests that the agreement ignores the reality of the agricultural geography of North America. Through different inherent physical distinctions between the two national agricultural systems, as well as institutional and operational characteristics, the realities of Canadian and U.S. agriculture are such that a 'level playing field' is an impossibility and, furthermore, that an attempt to impose the model 'solution' will undermine the viability of Canadian agriculture.
Meilke, Karl and Erna van Duren. "The North American Free Trade Agreement and the Canadian Agri-food sector." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 44 (1996) : 19-37. 18 p.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the implications for agri-food trade of the NAFTA and its interface with the other two agreements. The provisions of the NAFTA are described and evaluated as they relate to market access, domestic support, export assistance, technical regulations and dispute settlement. Observations are made on the NAFTA's potential effects on trade in red meats, grains, oilseeds, supply-managed commodities and horticulture. In addition, some of the shortcomings of the NAFTA are highlighted.
Miller, Marian A.L. The third world in global environmental politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995. 180 p.
Contents: Introduction; The Third World in the global economy; Globalization and environmental regime formation; The ozone layer protection regime; The hazardous waste trade regime; The biodiversity regime; The Third World in environmental regime formation; Global environmental politics and sustainable development.
Abstract: This book examines the role of the Third World in global environmental politics. Specifically, it examines how these countries have attempted to modify the evolving global environmental regime and assesses the extent to which they have been successful. It addresses these issues within the context of globalization, both economic and ecological. It finds that whereas the former acts as a constraint on developing countries' influence in environmental politics, in certain contexts ecological globalization provides them with some room for maneuver. In a system in which there is economic interdependence, economic asymmetry can be exploited to benefit the more powerful actors. However, the regimes examined in this book illustrate that a general perception of ecological interdependence places constraints on both the powerful and the puny. In situations in which developed country actors perceive this interdependence, Third World actors are able to exercise some modest leverage in environmental politics. This book explores how this power is exercised and how it is modified, and it focuses on the role of the Third World in the formation and evolution of three environmental regimes: the hazardous waste trade regime; the biodiversity regime; and, the ozone protection regime.
Moltke, Konrad von. International environmental management, trade regimes and sustainability. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1996. 60 p.
Contents: Introduction; International environmental management : Development of the environmental agenda, The international dimension of environmental management; Structural characteristics of international environmental management : Environmental integrity, Cooperation, Science and precaution, Openness, Subsidiarity, Conclusion; Trade regime and international environmental regimes; Trade implications of multilateral environmental agreements : Protection of the atmosphere, Protection of the marine environment, Conservation and biological diversity, Commodities, wastes; trade, environment, sustainability : balancing international priorities.
Abstract: This monograph examines the nature of trade and environmental regimes. International trade regimes are largely hierarchical and driven by a common set of rules. Thus, there is a great deal in common between the WTO and NAFTA, for example. Environmental regimes, on the other hand, have been designed to respond to the complexity of natural systems. The structure of the international environmental management system has developed in response to demands on the environment, this structure is outlined using the Winnipeg Principles on Trade and Sustainable Development as a template. The primary conclusion of this paper is that any institution responsible for addressing conflicts between environmental regimes and trade regimes must meet criteria outlined by the Winnipeg Principles: It must recognize the value of environmental integrity, beyond the confines of a purely economic balancing of objectives; It must be based on principles of consensus and cooperation; It must incorporate scientific findings and respect the precautionary principle; It must be open and accountable. It must meet also the related criteria of efficiency and equity.
Moltke, Konrad von. The Maastricht Treaty and the Winnipeg Principles on Trade and Sustainable Development. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 60 p.
Contents: (Selected): Maastricht and sustainable development; The EC and the environment; Maastricht Treaty and the principles on trade and sustainable development: Efficiency and cost internalization, Equity, Environmental integrity, Subsidiarity, International cooperation, Science and precaution, Openness; Maastricht Treaty: what is trade and what is integration?
Abstract: Analyzes the European Union as transformed by the Maastricht Treaty (formally known as the Treaty on European Union, 1992, which seeks to integrate economically and politically more than twelve European sovereign states) in light of the Winnipeg Principles on Trade and Sustainable Development. Reveals that there is convergence between EU practice and each of the seven Winnipeg principles
Morrissey, Oliver. "Politics and economic policy reform : trade liberalization in sub-Saharan Africa."Journal of International Development 7 (4, 1995) : 599-618. 20 p.
Abstract: Trade policy reform, in the form of liberalization or removal of restrictions on trade, has been a predominant feature of economic policy reforms undertaken, to various degrees, by numerous sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries since 1980. This paper addresses the experiences of a range of SSA countries with trade liberalization. The results of recent cross-country studies are summarized, concentrating on the elements of trade liberalization and the extent of reform, and the economic arguments reviewed. The paper then goes on to address why so few effective reforms have been implemented, with specific attention to the political and administrative capacities that motivate economic policy reform and constrain implementation. The paper concludes with recommendations on the appropriate timing and sequencing of liberalization to account for economic, political and administrative considerations.
Munoz, Heraldo and Robin Rosenberg (eds.). Difficult liaison : trade and the environment in the Americas. Miami : University of Miami, North-South Center, 1993.
Nader, Ralph (et al). The case against free trade : GATT, NAFTA, and the globalization of corporate power. San Francisco, CA: Earth Island Press, 1993. 230 p.
Abstract: This book contains essays by leading citizen-oriented trade experts. They dissect the ideological roots of the free trade mantra, discuss the trade negotiations themselves and, most vividly and most importantly, detail the devastating effect that such trade governance has had - and the much more severe effect it will have if the Uruguay Round expansion of GATT and NAFTA are enacted - on real people and real communities around the world. - Ralph Nader
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, Mining Association of Canada, Rawson Academy of Aquatic Science and Sierra Club of Canada. Background materials... July 9 1993. Ottawa: NRTEE, 1993. 1 v. in various pagings
Conference: Workshop on Sustainability and Trade (1993 : Ottawa)
Contents: An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT (Daly and Goodland); Liberalized trade is a key to sustainability; Trading away the environment; International institutions and international trade; Free trade and environmental sustainability: an ecological economics perspective; Balancing: policies for just and sustainable trade.
Norberg-Bohm, Vicki. The effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the environmental performance of the Mexican electric power sector. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1994. 13 p.
Conference: Conference on Trade and the Environment (1994 : Cambridge, MA).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.The environmental effects of trade.Paris: OECD, 1994. 206 p.
Contents: The environmental effects of trade; The environmental effects of trade in the agricultural sector; The environmental effects of trade in the forestry sector; The environmental effects of trade in the fisheries sector; The environmental effects of trade in endangered species; The environmental effects of trade in the transport sector.
Abstract: This volume contains background documents for OECD discussion on the environmental effects of trade, including sector studies on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, endangered species and transport. It also includes OECD procedural guidelines on trade and environment of June 1993, a discussion of the 1972 OECD Guiding Principles and an overview of issues pertaining to the harmonization of environmental policies.
OECD, World Bank. Trade liberalization : global economic implications. Paris: OECD, 1993.
Peters, G.H., B. F. Stanton and G. J. Tyler.Sustainable agricultural development : the role of international cooperation. Aldershot, GB: Dartmouth Publishing, 1992. 704 p.
Conference: International Conference of Agricultural Economists (21st. : 1991 : Tokyo, Japan).
Contents: Agrarian structure, environmental concerns and rural poverty (Vyas); Human capital formation for sustainable agricultural development (Longworth); Food security: issues and options (Parikh); World agriculture in the next century: challenges for production and distribution (Alexandratos); The efficiency of agricultural markets in directing agricultural development (Koester); Achieving a reasonable balance between the public and private sectors in agriculture (Smith and Thomson); Sustainability: the paradigmatic challenge to agricultural economists (Norgaard); The green revolution, dryland agriculture and sustainability: insights from India (Ninan and Chandrashekar); Implications of the GATT negotiations: the process of reaching an agreement on agriculture (de Zeeuw); Agricultural and trade policy reform: implications for agricultural trade (McClatchy and Warley); The Soviet Union's agrarian sector on the way to a market economy (Emel'ianov); Transition to market economies in Eastern Europe: the case of Hungary (Fekete and Forgacs); Evaluating policy choices in developing countries: the policy analysis matrix (Monke and Pearson); General equilibrium effects of trade liberalization in the presence of imperfect competition (Hertel, Lanclos and Thursby); Government and agricultural development (Alves, de Faro and Contini); Adjustment policy and agricultural development (Guillaumont); Inflation and agriculture; ten years of high inflation and government debt in Brazil (Dias); Impact of policy reforms on the agricultural sector in Chile (Rubinstein); Decollectivizaiton in East and Central Europe (Brooks and Braverman); Agricultural policy and structural adjustment in Cameroon (Ntangsi); Structural adjustment policies and agricultural development in Morocco (Bouanani and Tyner); Agricultural trade and pricing policies in developing countries: implications for policy reform (Valdes); Key elements of modern biotechnology of relevance to agriculture (Peacock); Comments from various perspectives (Rao, van der Meer and Barker); Plant breeders' rights legislation, enforcement and R & D: lessons for developing countries (Pray); Financing agricultural research in the presence of international benefit spillovers: the need for institutional coordination and innovation (Schweikhardt and Bonnen); Biotechnology and the International Agriculture Research Centers of the CGIAR (Collinson and Platais); The role of the private and public sectors in the development and diffusion of biotechnology in agriculture (Lindner); Sustainable development: concepts and strategies (Batie); Sustainable development strategies in less favoured and marginal production areas (Yadav); Management of common-pool forest resources (Kramer and Ballabh); Climate change, agriculture and the environment: some economic issues (Adams); Air pollutants and options for their control: experiences from the European scene (Nilsson); Household time allocation - the ultimate determinant of improved agricultural technology adoption in Nigeria: an empirical activity interphase impact model (Ikpi); The theoryof resource allocation by farm
households: the role of off-farm employment, household production and transaction costs (Schmitt); Family farms, cooperatives and collectives (Kislev); Contributions of women and household members to the economy in rural areas (Jensen); Agriculture, rural labour markets and the evolution of the rural non-farm economy (Haggblade and Liedholm); Capital formation of the farm household and resource allocation in agricultural - rural sectors: an analysis of sustainability of Japanese agriculture (Kada); Will biotechnology alleviate poverty? (Ahmed); Agricultural biotechnology and the poor in developing countries (Herdt); Green revolution, agrarian structure and income distribution in Asia (Otsuka); 'Small farmers' in China and their development (Ruofeng and Jiyuan); An assessment of the role of informal finance in the development process (Meyer and Nagarajan); Informal credit markets in Bangladesh agriculture: bane or boon? (Murshid).
Abstract: The title of this volume was the theme for the 21st International Conference of Agricultural Economists (XXI ICAE) held in Tokyo, August 22-29, 1991. The volume makes available all the major papers presented at the conference, in addition to providing a summary of the discussions which followed.
Raghavan, Chakravarthi. "South urge more study on TRIPs/sustainable development interface." Third World Economics (116:July 1995): 2-5.
Abstract: When the WTO recently considered for the first time the complex relationship between the issues of TRIPs and sustainable development, the South made it clear that the new body has to seriously consider some of the real problems arising as a result of the interface between these two sets of issues.
Randall, Stephen J. and Herman W. Konrad (eds).NAFTA in transition. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press, 1995. 430 p
Contents: (Selected) I - Historical Context and the Politics of Emerging Trilateralism: 2 - North American continental relationships - historical trends and antecedents (Konrad), 3 - Managing trilateralism - The United States, Mexico, and Canada in the Post-NAFTA Era (Randall), 4 - The social neo-liberal policies of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Perez), 5 - Canada-Mexico: the neighbor's neighbor (Haces); II - Economic Perspectives on Free Trade: 6 - The emergence of North American energy trade without barriers (McRae), 7 - Trade as an agency of social policy: NAFTA's schizophrenic role in agriculture (Gerber, Kerr), 8 - Institutional concerns and mechanisms developing from tripartite free trade negotiations in North America (Castillo Vera), 9 - Trade liberalization, income distribution, and poverty in Mexico: an empirical review of recent trends (Gonzalez); III - Borderlands, Industry, Labour, and Immigration: 10 - The United States-Mexico border region and growing transborder interdependence (Ganster), 11 - Borderlines and borderlands in the geography of Canada-United States relations (Konrad); 12 - Gender, work and politics in Mexico's maquiladora industry (Adamache, Culos, Otero), 13 - The Mexican automobile industry (Perez), 14 - North American integration and the issue of immigration: Canadian perspectives (Weinfeld); IV - Energy and Environment: 15 - Energy and environment in the United States-Mexico border region (Sweedler), 16 - The impact of the NAFTA, the NAAEC, and constitutional law on environmental policy in Canada and Mexico (Condon), 17 - Domestic and international factors affecting energy trade (Duquette), 18 - The NAFTA parallel accord on the environment (Thompson); V - Public Policy and Culture: 19 - Directions of value change in North America (Nevitte, Basanez, Inglehart), 20 - The cultural dimension of a free trade agreement: the case of Mexico (Castillo Vera), 21 - Higher education cooperation among Canada, the United States, and Mexico (Konrad), 22 - Mexican studies in Canadian Universities: the Canada-Mexico academic relationship 1960's-1990's (Konrad), 23 - Canada's quest for cultural sovereignty: protection, promotion, and popular culture (Thompson), 24 - Canada-Mexico co-production agreement on film and television programming (Hoskins, McFayden, Zolf).
Abstract: This volume provides analysis of the economic, social, cultural and political dimensions of the evolving trilateral relationship among th three countries of North America. Contributors address such topics as energy, the environment, trade, labour, the maquiladora industrial sector of Mexico, the Mexican auto industry, and Canada-U.S. cultural relations. Unlike many books on Canada-U.S.-Mexico free trade this book emphasizes Canada and Mexico.
Repetto, Robert. Trade and sustainable development. Environment and trade no.1. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme UNEP, 1994. 45 p.
Richardson, Sarah(ed.). The North American Free Trade Agreement and the North American Commission on the Environment : report of a workshop on NAFTA and NACE December 7 1992, Ottawa. Ottawa : National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1992. 53 p.
Contents: (Selected): CUFTA dispute settlement mechanism and the environment: a review of the record; Five lessons of the International Joint Commission; National Wildlife Federation press releases and letters.
Richardson, Sarah (ed). Advancing sustainable development at the Summit of the Americas : report of a workshop [held] July 11, 1994 Washington, D.C. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1994. v.
Contents: (Selected) Forests; Biodiversity and conservation; Toxics; Energy; NAFTA accession; Sustainable development in the Hemisphere: existing and necessary institutions and public participation; President's Council on Sustainable Development; Capacity building. Appendices: Central American Forest Convention, America's Forest Program proposal, Proposed statement of trade and environment principles for the Summit of the Americas.
Rosen, Fred and Deidre McFadyen (eds).Free trade and economic restructuring in Latin America : a NACLA reader. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995. 288 p.
Contents: Foreward (Zamora); 1. Introduction (Rosen, McFadyen); 2. Clinton's trade policy (Henwood); 3. Mexico - the wages trade (Grinspun, Cameron); 4. Flexibility and repression - the Chilean model explained (Green); 5. Costa Rica : non-market roots of market success (Edelman, Oviedo); 6. Puerto Rico : lessons from operation bootstrap (Cordero-Guzman); 7. Venezuela - the temperature rises in the crucible of reform (Rosen); 8. Brazil - Cardoso among the technopols (Fiori); 9. Feeding the global supermarket (Thrupp); 10. A note from the Polish-Bolivian border (Weschler); 11. Neoliberalism and its discontents (Otero); 12. The new women workers - does money equal power? (Safa); 13. Bolivia - the new underground (Farthing); 14. Chile - the underside of the miracle (Schneider); 15. Haiti - a sweatshop model of development (Briggs, Kernaghan); 16. Trade unionism across the border (Alexander, Gilmore); 17. Brazil's new unionism (Rodrigues); 18. Labor and Mercosur (Montenegro); 19. Guatemala - labor's transnational showdown (Levenson-Estrada, Frundt); 20. Mexico's disappearing countryside (Barkin); 21. Salina's failed war on poverty (Moguel); 22. The Latin American metropolis and the growth of inequality (Angotti); 23. Kids out of place (Scheper-Hughes, Hoffman); 24. The struggles of a self-built community in Peru (Burt, Espejo); 25. Argentina under Menem - the aesthetics of domination (Sarlo); 26. The politics of toxic waste (Kelly); Why migration? (Sassen).
Abstract: This collection of essays from NACLA Report on the Americas investigates the justifications, consequences, and broad historical context of the neoliberal agenda in Latin America: privatization, cuts in social spending and deregulation, accompanied by market-driven, outward-oriented economic development. It explains why such policies appeared necessary to policy makers in the 1980's, and how restructuring came to form a part of the neoliberal prescription. This book also examines the range of social, political, and ecological changes brought about by the hemisphere's embrace of free markets. Included are country studies and essays on the underpinnings of the neoliberal model as well as articles on toxic waste, migration, shantytown development, street children, the labor force, the labor movement, the underground economy, and agro-industry.
Rowbotham, Elizabeth J. "Dumping and subsidies : their potential effectiveness for achieving sustainable development in North America." Journal of World Trade 27(6) : 145-173.
Runge, C. Ford and Zsolt Vincze. Sustainable development and trade liberalization : friends or foes. Saint Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, 1993.
Conference: International Symposium on Trade and the Environment (1993 : Minneapolis)
Runge, C. Ford, Francois Ortalo-Magne and Philip Vande Kamp. Freer trade, protectedenvironment : balancing trade liberalization and environmental interests. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994. 146 p.
Contents: (Selected): Understanding environment and trade linkages: legal, economic and environmental perspectives; Trade agreements and the environment: the EU and NAFTA; Trade obligations and international environmental agreements: the Montreal Protocol. Appendices include: Welfare analytics of trade and environmental policy; Summary of meetings: Trade and the Environment Study Group; Trade and the Environment Study Group composite roster.
Abstract: Observations and suggestions offered at the meetings of the Study Group on Trade and the Environment organized during 1992-1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations.
Saborio, Sylvia (comp.) . The premise and the promise : free trade in the Americas. U.S.- Third World policy perspectives no.18. Washington, D.C: ODC, 1992. 280 p.
Contents: The long and winding road from Anchorage to Patagonia, by Sylvia Saborio. A Western Hemisphere Free Trade Area: Free trade in the Americas: a U.S. perspective, by Peter Morici; Free trade in the Americas: a Latin American perspective, by Jos‚ Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs with Edouardo Lizano; Getting there: the path to a western hemisphere free trade area and its structure, by Richard G. Lipsey; U.S.-Latin American free trade areas: some empirical evidence, by Refik Erzan and Alexander Yeats. Subregional Free Trade Agreements: The North American Free Trade Agreement: a regional model, by Craig VanGrasstek and Gustavo Vega; U.S.-Chile free trade, by Andrea Butelmann and Alicia Frohmann; U.S.-Central America free trade, by Sylvia Saborio; U.S.-Caricom free trade, by Delisle Worrell; U.S.-Andean Pact free trade, by Alberto Pasc¢-Font and Sylvia Saborio; U.S. Mercosur free trade, by Roberto Bouzas.
Sander, Harald and Andras Inotai (eds). World trade after the Uruguay Round : prospects and policy options for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge, 1996. 199 p.
Contents: (Selected) Introduction (Sander, Inotai); 1 - Multilateralism, regionalism and globalization: the challenges to the world trading systems (Sander); 2 - The Uruguay round of multi-lateral trade negotiations: a preliminary assessment of results (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis); 3 - The consequences of the Uruguay round for the OECD countries (Franzmeyer); 4 - The consequences of the Uruguay round for developing countries (Stevens); 5 - The survival of special preferences under the Lome convention: The ACP countries and the European Union after the Uruguay Round (Hewitt, Koning); 6 - The future role of the WTO (Schott); 7 - Social standards in international trade : a new protectionist wave? (Grossman, Koopmann); 8 - Linking trade and environment to promote sustainable development (Shaw, Hanson); 9 - Central and eastern Europe's integration into the world trading systems (Inotai, Kiss); The future representation of the south in the international system (Gibbs).
Abstract: This volume reviews the issues, results and consequences of the Uruguay Round against the background of a changing world trading environment. The rest of the book is devoted to an exploration of the perspectives and policy options for the world trading system such as the future role of the WTO, the issues of social and environmental standards in international trade, the integration of Eastern Europe into the world trading system, and the future representation of developing countries in the international system.
Schrecker, Ted and Jean Dalgleish (eds).Growth, trade and environmental values. London, ON: Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values, 1994. 227 p.
Contents: Trade and environment: setting the rules; The trade-environment linkage: future challenges of liberalized trade and environmental compliance; Pressing global limits: trade as the appropriation of carrying capacity; Trade and sustainable development: friends or enemies?; The environmental implications of NAFTA: a legal analysis; Harmonization and risk assessment in the North American Free Trade Agreement; Emerging trade agreements and their impact on agriculture; The ethics of being a pioneer: environmental accounting rules; Should Canada volunteer to be a nuclear waste dump for the world?; Issues in environmental protection: a Third World perspective; Reconciling the irreconcilable: the global economy and the environment; Bioregionalism vs. globalization; Bioregionalism vs. free trade: an exploration of the issues.
Abstract: Part I of the book provides an overview of the connections of between trade policy and the environment. John Whalley and Peter Uimonen describe the basic institutions of international trade policy. Sarah Richardson argues that a policy approach she refers to as "developmental trade: provides important opportunities for achieving more sustainable economic development. William Rees, on the other hand, provides a more skeptical view of the impact of trade liberalization on ecological integrity. Finally, David Runnalls' contribution outlines a series of principles for linking trade and sustainable development. Part II moves on to specifics. Michelle Swenarchuk provides an overall critique of the environmental implications of NAFTA, arguing that on balance these are substantially negative. David Bennett analyzes the way in which NAFTA will affect policy treatment of certain kinds of environmental risks. With reference to recent developments in trade policy, Brenda Leith explains the divergences between economic theory and the real world of agricultural commerce. David Conklin and Ross Archibald point out that aggressive approaches to environmental protection in the accounting field may have unexpected and unanticipated costs in terms of the location of investment, and point out the ethical importance of asking who will bear those costs. Finally, David Conklin and Jeffrey Gandz offer a provocative argument about national obligations to take on unpleasant environmental duties whose benefits may be transnational or even global in nature. Part III explores the connection among trade policy, environmental issues and global economic integration. O.P. Dwivedi outlines a distinctive Third World perspective on these questions. Deborah Poff argues that environmental protection objectives are ultimately incompatible with global economic integration, certainly to the extent that such integration is taken to imply a declining role for the nation-state. Finally, John Cartwright and Susan Holtz offer two contrasting views of an alternative vision known as bioregionalism, which actively challenges the desirability of a world in which economic interdependence increases irrespective of "natural" boundaries.
Shaw, Nevin and Aaron Cosbey. GATT, the WTO and sustainable development : positioning the work program on trade and environment. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 42 p.
Singh, Naresh, Perpetua Kalala and Fanuel Nangati (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: policy issues : Zimbabwe. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute of Sustainable Development, 1995. 43 p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Land use policy in Zimbabwe (c.1890-1980), Political and socio-economic developments, Ecological zones and some consequences of land-use policy, Land use policy since 1980, Macro-economic and trade developments, Beef export and the Lome Convention, Pricing and marketing measures for crops, Trade liberalization; Policy constraints and challenges; The Makaha case study: Historical profile, Environmental situation, Social environment, Local and policy issues, Rationale for choice of the the area, The current situation, Demographic profile - Mudzi district, Employment opportunities, Crop farming, Mining, Services available, Adaptive strategies in the community; Gwanda district: Historical profile, Challenges, Adaptive strategies for livelihood before independence, Current state of knowledge, Service provision, Ecosystems, Values and beliefs, Common property resource control, Technological innovations, Adaptive and coping strategies; Adaptive strategies, sustainable livelihoods and policy issues; Conclusion.
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the policy-level aspects of the project, discussing the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Zimbabwe. It also presents summaries of the key community level findings; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems of Makaha and Mlambaphele in the Mudzi and Gwanda districts, respectively, of Zimbabwe; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities.
Soka University of America. Pacific Basin Research Center. [Conference proceedings]. (s.l.): The authors, 1994. v. in box
Notes: The Pacific Basin Research Center of Soka University of America is currently operating at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Conference: Conference on International Trade Agreements and the Environment (1994 : Cambridge, MA).
Contents: v.1 : The greening of international trade : post-Uruguay round priorities (French), Impacts of NAFTA on sustainable agriculture (Ritchie), GATT and the global environment : the road ahead (Ward, Blumenfeld); v.2 : International trade at a crossroads (Elkins); v.3 : Trade and the environment : GATT's response to the challenge (Chakarian); v.4 : Economic integration vs sustainable development (Barkin), Moving in the wrong direction - The North American Free Trade Agreement and environmental sustainability (Campbell), Against free trade - neoclassical and steady-state perspectives (Daly); v.5 : Living in an economy - environmental cooperation and the GATT (Charnovitz).
Stanford, Jim, Christine Elwell and Scott Sinclair. Social dumping under North American free trade. Ottawa: The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 1993. 66 p.
Striking a green deal : a comprehensive international conference on "Europe's role in environment and south-north trade relations". Brussels: Environment and Development Resource Centre, 1993. various p.
Contents: Green protectionism: does the end justify the means? (Henandez); Green protectionism: differentiating environmental protection from trade protectionism (Arden-Clarke); How a log export ban became an unfair trade practice: it's resources, stupid! (Shrybman); Natural fibres as environmentally intelligent trade products (Braungart et al); International agreements to deal with environmental externalities of primary commodity exports (Kox); Trade and desertification (Greijn); Transferring patent rights for sound technologies to an international organization (Aydin); Technological cooperation, technology transfer and environmentally sustainable development (Barnett); Towards an alternative trade and development paradigm (Morales); Guiding principles in the environment and trade interface (Ferretti and Hudson); Democratizing international trade and financial policy: proposal for a feasibility study (McCoy); Constraints to a just global trading system: a southern perspective (Odhiambo); Trade among the member states of the economic community of West African States and its effect on the environment (Chaytor); Environmental impacts of trade evolution in ECOWAS countries (Fall); Environmental opportunities in regional trade cooperation among developing countries (Jordan); MERCOSUR and trade blocks in Latin America: the relationship trade and environment (Onestini); The multilateral trade organization: a revised prospective (Cameron and Ward); The Lome IV Convention, the Maastricht Treaty and NAFTA: trade agreements with an environmental twist (Dixson-Decleve); The role of major groups in implementing Agenda 21: focus on the potential role and contributions of the private sector (Aydin); The world in the round; Changing western consumer lifestyle (Davison); Environmental standards, competition and the international trading system (Flanders).
Stubbs, Richard and Geoffrey R. D. Underhill (eds.).Political economy and the changing global order. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994. 553 p.
Contents: (Selected): Theory as exclusion: gender and international political economy; from Bretton Woods to global finance: a world turned upside down; The changing GATT system and the Uruguay Round Negotiations; The political economy of North American free trade; The political economy of the Asia-Pacific region; Eastern and Central Europe in the world political economy; The marginalization of Africa in the new world (dis)order; The Canadian state in the international economy; Australia and the Pacific region: the political economy of "relocation".
Taylor, Annie and John Gordon (eds.). Trade and sustainable development round table. London: The Global Environment Research Centre, 1993. 26 p.
Third World Network. "A people's charter for food security." Third World Resurgence n55 (1995) 2 p.
Conference: Policy Dialogue on Trade Liberalization and Food Security (1995: Delhi)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United NationsUniversity. Agricultural trade liberalization in the Uruguay Round : implications for developing countries. New York: UN, 1990. 199 p.
Abstract: A joint UNCTAD/UNDP/WIDER (UNU) study.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Discussion papers. Geneva : UNCTAD, 1993. Various pagings.
Contents: No. 14: Some conceptual issues on diversification, bargaining power and self-reliance in the context of an oil exporting country (Shafaeddin); No.16: On the potential for expanding south-south trade through the extension of mutual preferences among developing countries (Erzan, Laird, Yeats); No.17: Export performance and output growth in developing countries (Gonclaves and Richtering); No. 18: The generalized system of preferences : a quantitative assessment of the direct trade effects and of policy options (Karsenty vand Laird); No.21: The profile of protection in developing countries (Kuwahara, Marchese, Vossenaar); No. 24: Export expansion, import liberalization and economic growth in Latin America: an analysis of foreign trade multipliers (Goncalves); No.25: Financial system and policies in Turkey in the 1980s (Akyuz); No. 28: Notes on a possible multilateral framework for international trade in banking services (Cornford); No. 30: Republic of Korea's financial reform : what are the lessons? (Amsden and Euh); No. 38: The use of computer technology in the insurance sector of developing countries (Ourtreville); No. 39: The multilateral negotiations on banking services : context and selected outstanding issues; No. 40: Financial policies in developing countries : issues and experience; No. 47: Privatization and the developing countries : the issues and the evidence (Bhaskar); No.66: Maastricht and fiscal retrenchment in Europe (Akyuz). No. 67: The state in economic activity: problems of economic policy making (Somel); no.68: The exchange rate as an instrument of trade policy (Canitrot);no.70: Ecolabelling and international trade (Jha, Vossenaar, Zarrilli); no. 75: The relevance of market structure to technological progress : a case study of the chemical industry (Choa). no.76: The plan, the market and evolutionary economic reform in China (Singh); no.78: The European single market and its possible effects on African external trade (Thisen); No.87: Economic development and endogenous