Financing Climate Change...Selected Sources

Books and Articles:

Adger, W. Neil, Davide Pettenella and Martin Whitby, eds. Climate-change mitigation and European land-use policies. London, UK: CAB International, 1997. 300 p.

Contents: Part I: Agriculture, forestry and the policy issue; 1. Land use in Europe and the reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions (Adger, Pettenella, Whitby); 2. Agricultural policy reform and climate-change mitigation in organization for economic cooperation and development countries (Storey, McKenzie-Hedger); 3. Forestry options for mitigating predicted climate change (Ciesla); 4. A critical review of the scientific basis of projects global warming (Zecca, Brusa); 5. The economic costs of climate change and implications for land-use change (Fankhauser);Part II: Issues in the analysis of greenhouse-gas mitigation; 6. Analysis of time profiles of climate change (Price); 7. Public policies and incentives to accelerate irreversible green investments (Dosi, Moretto); 8. Human adaptation in ameliorating the impact of climate change on global timber markets (Sohngen, et al); 9. Economic instruments and the pasture-crop-forest interface (van Kooten, Folmer); Part III: Mitigation options and policies in agriculture; 10. Agricultural policy impacts on United Kingdom carbon fluxes (Armstrong, et al); 11. Full cycle emissions from extensive and intensive beef production in Europe (Subak); 12. Reduction of emissions in farming systems in Germany (Lothe, Fuchs, Zeddies); 13. The effects of the Dutch 1996 energy tax on agriculture (Komen, Peerlings); Part IV: Mitigation options and policies in forestry; 14.Policy instruments for environmental forestry: carbon retention in farm woodlands (Crabtree); 15. The role of common agricultural policy in inhibiting afforestation: the example of Saxony (Lippert, Rittershofer); 16. Forest management and polity options for emission mitigation in Finland (Seppala, Pingoud); 17. German forests in the national carbon budget: an overview and regional case-studies (Boswald); 18. Carbon fixation in Swedish forests in the context of environmental national accounts (Eliasson); Part V: Joint implementation in forestry and international perspectives; 19. The potential role of large-scale forestry in Argentina (Sedjo, Ley); 20. Forestry and agroforestry land-use systems for carbon mitigation: an analysis in Chiapas, Mexico (De Jong, et al); 21. Institutional premises for the fulfillment of carbon-credit requirements by Russia (Gusev, Korobova); Part VI: Summary; 21. Issues and implications for agriculture and forestry: a focus on policy instruments (Gatto, Merlo).

Abstract: This book forms one element of a European Union Concerted Action on "Policy Measures to Control Environmental Impacts from Agriculture". It results from a workshop held at Monte Bondone, Italy, in May 1996. This book is aimed at practitioners, academics and policy makers who wish to understand the importance of the greenhouse-gas emissions issue for European and greenhouse-gas land use.

Anderson, Robert J. Joint implementation of climate change measures. Environment Department Papers no. 005. Washington, DC: World Bank. 22 p. + annexes

Abstract: This paper discusses some the issues that may arise in joint implementation of climate change measures under the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (FCCC). Section II briefly describes the two "case study" projects that provide a real context for subsequent discussion of the issues. Section III examines four classes of issues that arise in the joint implementation context: i) determination of the net abatement effect of a policy or project intervention; ii) determination of prices of or compensation due for joint implementation projects; iii) performance issues such as verification of abatement effects and handling of risk; and, iv) documentation and procedures. Finally, section IV offers some concluding observations. It also raises some additional isues that do not arise in the projects examined but are nonetheless important to joint implementation.

Barker, Terry, Paul Ekins and Nick Johnstone, eds. Global warming and energy demand. Global environmental change series. London, UK: Routledge, 1995. 336 p.

Abstract: This book considers the responsiveness of energy markets to economic controls in order to assess the feasability of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. With the focus on global warming, they address both aggregate energy elasticities and those for individual fuels with different carbon contents. The work emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between long- and short-run elasticities because of the time that greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere and the long term effect of policies designed to mitigate them. Other substantive issues such as the importance of the structural characteristics of the energy market and autonomous improvements in energy efficiency are also discussed.

Barrett, Scott. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; UNCTAD. The strategy of joint implementation in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNCTAD/GID/10. New York: United Nations, 1995. 42 p.

Abstract: This study on the strategy of joint implementation explores three different regimes for countries which are to be compensated for carrying out abatement on behalf of other countries. These regimes include: 1. compensation for "full incremental cost" incurred by countries which undertake abatement on behalf of others; 2. trading emission entitlements between developed and developing countries implementing joint implementation projects; and 3. a mixed regime of joint implementation.

Bertram, I.G. "Tradable emission quotas, technical progress and climate change." Environment and Development Economics 1 (1996): 465-487.

Bush, Elizabeth J. and L.D. Danny Harvey. "Joint implementation and the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." Global Environmental Change 7, no. 3 (1997): 265-285.

Cameron, James, Jacob Werksman and Peter Roderick, eds. Improving compliance with international environmental law. London, UK: Earthscan, 1996. 341 p.

Abstract: This book focuses on the use of international treaties and conventions as a means of regulating the behavior of nation states in relation to the global environment. It has been argued that these means have been unsuccessful. This volume seeks to address the crucial question of how compliance with these agreement could be encouraged effectively without damaging the fragile political consensus that is emerging on environmental issues. Part One provides a thorough overview of compliance theory, both in terms of its theoretical outline and its impacts on citizens and NGOs; Part Two outlines global compliance systems in greater detail, with close analyses of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the IWC, the EC and CITES; and Part Three focuses on the implementation of international agreements, including studies of the relative effectiveness of measures such as trade sanctions and joint implementation, as well as an examination of the European CO2/energy tax.

Canada. Canada's second national report on climate change: actions to meet commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ottawa, ON: Environment Canada, 1997. 142 p.

Abstract: This report provides an update of Canada's situation and responses to climate change as required by the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). The report outlines the economic context in which Canada is responding to the FCCC and describes the National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory. The National Action Program on Climate Change (NAPCC) is discussed and emission projections to the year 2020 are provided. The possible impacts of climate change on Canada and possible adaptive responses are considered. Other areas that are discussed include financial assistance (eg. Joint Implementation), technology transfer, research and education.

Chatterjee, Kalipada, ed. Activities implemented jointly to mitigate climate change: developing countries perspective. New Delhi: Development Alternatives, 1997. 450 p.

Notes: Comes with 31 p. Executive summary.

Contents: Executive summary; Section I - Keynote Addresses; 1. The Netherlands' view on Activities Implemented Jointly (Wolters); 2. Alcohol fuel and AIJ from developing countries' point of view: contributing to global warming (Pinguelli Rosa); 3. Special address (Hess); 4. Ministerial address (Venugopalachari); Section II - Perspectives of pilot phase Activities Implemented Jointly; 5. Costa Rica Conference perspectives: a frank exchange on AIJ benefits and concerns (Usher); 6. Joint Implementation in Central and Eastern Europe (van der Gaast, Tichy); 7. Perspectives for the pilot phase and Norwegian experiences of Activities Implemented Jointly (Wiese); 8. Vietnam's national programme to implement the FCCC and pilot phase Activities Implemented Jointly (Binh); 9. Costa Rica's Activities Implemented Jointly programme (Gorbitz); 10. Progress with AIJ during the pilot phase (Jepma); Section III – Activities Implemented Jointly: Lessons and opportunities; 11. India's expectations, opportunities and strategies (Chatterjee, Fecher); 12. Chile's opportunities and expectations (Figueroa); 13. Expectations and opportunities for AIJ projects in Sri Lanka (Keerthiratne); 14. Expectations and opportunities of developing countries: South African country study (Asamoah, Grobbelaar); 15. The Australian pilot initiative for Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ Australia Office); - Lessons and opportunities in thermal energy sector - 16. Joint Implementation for CO2 reduction in India: an analysis of auxiliary reduction in power plants (Painuly, Bhattacharya, Parikh); - Lessons and opportunities in the renewable energy sector - 17. Solar-based rural electrification in the Honduras (Isaula); 18. AIJ pilot project Kilung-Chuu Micro-Hydel in Bhutan (Tamang, et al); 19. Municipal solid waste sector - potential AIJ projects in India (Khanna); - Lessons and opportunities in the building sector - 20. AIJ opportunities in the construction sector in India (Kumar, Vaidyanathan); - Lessons and opportunities in the forestry, agriculture and landuse sectors - 21. Project Carfix in Costa Rica (Alfaro); 22. Unganda's Joint Implementation activities in perspective (Edroma, Okonya); 23. Programme in dryland horticulture agroforestry: a concept (Meili); 24. Improving dairy efficiency and reducing methane production in Nepal (Joshi, et al); Section IV - AIJ projects: design, principles and methodology; 25. Pilot project selection criteria for the World Bank (Karani); 26. Overcoming obstacles to AIJ project development: examples from the U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation (Dixon); 27. Main criteria for consideration on the design of AIJ projects (Yamba); - Design, principles and methodology in the thermal energy sector - 28. Projects on energy-efficient district heating in Russia (Gritsevich); 29. The Aquatech Integrated Process for brine disposal and use of coal-bed methane (LeBlanc); - Design, principles and methodology in the renewable energy sector - 30. Design, principles and methodology of renewable energy projects (Panjiar); 31. Renewable energy mini-grid project (Mathai); 32. Decentralized energy systems India: a status report (Sharan); 33. Plant oil initiative (Moreira, Diez); - Design, principles and methodology in the building and transport sectors - 34. Alcohol for vehicles and sugarcane bagasse for electricity: a Brazilian case study (Ribeiro); 35. Energy saving and CO2 mitigation in the residential sector in India (Gupta, Mathur, Srivastava); - Design, principles and methodology in the forestry, agriculture and land use sectors - 36. Some disturbing thoughts about AIJ (Ferrer); 37. The approach of the Face Foundation (Verweij); 38. A context for eco-agroforestry (de Laet); 39. AIJ in the forestry sector: an Indonesian forest NGO perspective (Sileuw); Section V - Catalyzing AIJ: Issues; 40. JI status, perspectives and future research requirements: the German point of view (Schafhausen); 41. Joint Implementation in the tropics and property rights on carbon sinks (Martinez-Alier); 42. Financing of AIJ projects in the energy sector (Soni, Barathan); 43. Discussion of issues for making Joint Implementation operational (Scharer); 44. Reporting framework of AIJ Projects: CANLA views (Sanhueza); 45. Joint Implementation of global environmental agreements: socio-economic dimensions (Cullet, Kameri-Mbote); Section VI - Role of different participants in the AIJ regime - Role of the state in the AIJ regime - 46. Role of the government and private sector for achieving sustainable development through AIJ (Raghuraman); - Role of the private/business sector in the AIJ regime - 47. Role of private sector in a JI regime (Grant); 48. AIJ Japan programme and the role of private/business sector (Tanaka); - Role of NGOs and academic institutions in the AIJ regime - 49. Role of NGOs in promoting AIJ in Latin America (Sanhueza)

Abstract: Proceedings of the AIJ Conference held in New Delhi, India, January 8-10, 1997 organized by DevelopmentAlternatives.

Clinton, William J. and Albert Gore. The climate change action plan. Washington, DC: US Govt. Print. Off, 1993. 1 v. in various pagings

Contents: (Selected): Emission reductions, budget impacts and economic effects; Energy demand actions; Transportation actions; Energy supply actions; Methane and other gases; Forestry actions; Joint implementation; Monitoring, evaluation and adjustment; Long term strategies for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Appendices 1-2 contain Description of individual actions (commercial energy, residential energy, industrial energy, transportation, energy supply, methane reduction, HFC, PFC and nitrous oxide reduction actions, and forestry)

Abstract: United States response to meet the goals of the Framework Convention on Climate Change

Cornwell, Antonia and John Creedy. Environmental taxes and economic welfare: reducing carbon dioxide emissions. New horizons in environmental economics. Lyme, NH: Edward Elgar, 1997. 152 p.

Curtis, Julia and Malik Amin Aslam. "The clean development mechanism." Tiempo (June 28, 1998): 11-14.

Economic Instruments Collaborative; EIC, National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy; NRTEE. Achieving atmospheric quality objectives through the use of economic instruments: acid deposition, ground-level ozone, greenhouse gases: a final report of the Economic Instruments Collaborative October 1993. Ottawa: NRTEE, 1993. 1v. (various pagings)

Contents: Declaration; Executive summary; Setting the context; Controlling acid deposition through emission trading; Reducing ground-level ozone; Limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

Abstract: The report discusses the potential of economic instruments to address three air quality issues: acid deposition (SO2), ground level ozone (NOx/VOC) and climate change (greenhouse gases).

Germany. Federal Environment Ministry, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Climate protection in Germany: national report of the Federal Government of the Federal Republic of Germany in anticipation of Article 12 of the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change. Bonn, DE: The Ministry, 1994. 141 p.

Contents: Summary; Introduction; Outline data; Inventories of anthropogenic emissions and levels found in reservoirs and sinks; Endangered areas; The federal government's national programmes of measures to reduce emissions of climate-relevant gases and to adapt to changes in the climate; Research and systematic observation; International cooperation in the field of technology and financing; Outlook.

Abstract: This report is a comprehensive overview drawn up by the German federal government on the greenhouse effect, its possible consequences and the strategies and measures that have been taken to stem it. It contains national inventories of greenhouse gases which not only represent a systematic register of direct greenhouse gases but also record indirect greenhouse gases and take account of the presence of reservoirs (forests). The report also contains: information on the state of implementation of the CO2 reduction programme; detailed data on framework conditions (economic development, population, land use); a description of areas under particular threat from the greenhouse effect; information on research, development and systematic monitoring in climate matters; and, information on international cooperation at a technological and financial level.

Ghosh, Prodipto and Jyotsna Puri. Joint implementation of climate change commitments: opportunities and apprehensions. New Delhi: Tata Energy Research Institute, 1994. 170 p.

Contents: Includes case studies: Fuel switching in the power sector: an option for CO2 abatement; Forests and carbon sequestration; Case study of power plant and supply side efficiency; Renewable energy technologies-a case study of wind farms; Cogeneration-a DSM option for India.

Abstract: Papers from an international seminar: Joint Implementation of Abatement Commitments under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, New Delhi, Jan. 21-23 1994. Addresses policy issues of Joint Implementation (JI), and case studies.

Goldberg, Don. 12 [twelve] principles to guide joint implementation (October 1997). 10 p.
http://www.econet.apc.org/ciel/12prin.html

Grubb, Michael and Dean Anderson, eds. The emerging international regime for climate change: structures and options after Berlin: report of a workshop held at the Royal Institute of Affairs, June, 1995. Washington, DC: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. 96 p.

Contents: 1 - The outcome of the Berlin Conference (Grubb); 2 - Rapporteur's report of workshop presentations and discussions (Anderson); 3 - Communication and review under the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) (Kinley); 4 - Greenhouse burden-sharing after Berlin: economic ideals and political realities (Lunde); 5 - Additional commitments and joint implementation: the post-Berlin landscape (Yamin); 6 - Lateral thinking and common measures (Morand-Francis); 7 - From Rio to Kyoto via Berlin: climate change and the prospects for international action (Grubb).

Hamilton, Clive. The evolution of the global market for greenhouse gas emissions allowances. Background Paper. No.16. Lyneham: Australia Institute, 1998. 19 p.

Contents: 1.Emission trading under the Kyoto Protocol; 2. Defining the commodity to be traded; 3.Who will participate in the market?; 4.Factors influencing the price of emission allowances; 5. Dynamics of the market for emission allowances; 6. Some complicating factors; 7. Some problems with emissions trading; 8.Implications for Australia.

Hamwey, Robert M. "A sustainable framework for joint implementation." International Environmental Affairs 10, no. 2 (1998): 79-97.

Hansen, Stein and Kjell Roland. European climate change cooperation: a role for emission trading? Report 1990/3. Lysaker, Norway: Fridtjof Nansen Institute, 1990. 25 p.

Harvey, L.D. Danny and Elizabeth J. Bush. "Joint implementation: an effective strategy for combating global warming?" Environment (October 1997): 15-20, 36-42.

International Herald Tribune. Eco-efficiency: business and the environment.
http://www.iht.com/IHT/SUP/062397/

Contents: Business leaders respond to Rio with self-regulation; UN session to review Rio; State of the Art: Reporting on the environment; To be responsible, take initiative; World trade is a Win-Win proposition; Saving nature while earning money; Eco-efficiency: Doing more with less; Sustainable marketing; There's no magic bullet; The balance sheet; Joint implementation promotes cooperation on world climate.

Abstract: This WWW site provides a variety of articles focussing on the topic of eco-efficiency in the activities of business and industry. This site is sponsored by various businesses.

International Institute for Environment and Development. Welcome to the Tiempo Climate Cyberlibrary
http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/tiempo/

International Institute for Sustainable Development. "Climate change." Linkages (1998). http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/journal/previous.html

International Institute for Sustainable Development. "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." Linkages. http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/climate/

Jeanrenaud, Claude, ed. Environmental policy between regulation and market. Basel: Birkhauser Velag, 1997. 366 p.

Contents: 1. Introduction: economic instruments for environmental policy (Jeanrenaud); 2. Environmental charges; 2.1. Environmental taxes: analytical framework (Thalmann); 2.2. Environmental taxes in the Italian White Paper on Fiscal Reform (Majocchi); 2.3. Cars and environment in Switzerland: what kind of taxes? (Wallart); 3. Greening of the tax system; 3.1. Principles of an ecological fiscal reform (Vallender; Jacobs); 3.2. Testing and Double Dividend Hypothesis for a carbon tax in a small open economy (Proost; Van Regemorter); 4. Tradeable permits; 4.1. Designing efficient treaties to protect the global environment (Bohm); 4.2. Designing a trading programme for emissions of nitrogen oxides in the Northeastern United States (Nichols); 4.3. Emission trading: the Basle experience (Staehelin-Witt); 4.4. A tradeable permit market for NOx: an application to the Chablais Region (Stritt); 4.5. Tradeable permits in Switzerland: the legal perspective (Jacobs); 5. Covenants; 5.1. Covenants from instrument of environmental policy to implementation tool (Hafkamp); 5.2. Covenants as central elements in an effective environmental policy mix (Brugger; Gorsler); 6. Acceptability of economic instruments; 6.1. Economic instruments and social acceptability: a debate about values (Burgenmeier); 7. Direct regulation and economic incentives: opposition or complenmentarity?; 7.1. Direct regulation and economic instruments: antagonists or Allies? (Vos); 7.2. Regulations and market-based instruments in Swiss environmental policy (Albrecht); 8. Conclusion - What have we learned about market-based instruments? (Markandya)

Abstract: Sponsored by the Priority Programme Environment of the Swiss National Science Foundation, this book looks at four aspects of market-based incentives and their roles in environmental policy.

Jepma, Catrinus J., ed. "Editor's note." Joint Implementation Quarterly 3, no. 2 (1997): 1-16. Groningen, The Netherlands: Foundation JIN, 1997.

Kerr, Suzi. Enforcing compliance: the allocation of liability in international GHG emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism. (Internet ed.) RFF Climate Issue Brief. no.15. Washington, D.C.: RFF, 1998. 14 p

Abstract: "Examines the institutional background for international emissions trading; considers the assignment of liability in an international GHG trading system for Annex I countries; focuses on the assignment of liability when the "seller" country fails to fall within compliance of its Kyoto Protocol targets; and addresses issues of credibility and liability in the context of joint ventures within the structure of the Clean Development Mechanism." -- Abstract.

Klaassen, Ger. Acid rain and environmental degradation: the economics of emission trading. New horizons in environmental economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1996. 336 p.

Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I: Theory, models, and practice; 2. Economic instruments in theory; 3. Instruments in theory when location matters; 4. Economic instruments in an international context: theory; 5.Empirical simulation models and emission trading; 6. Emission trading for air pollution in practice; 7. Theory, models, and practice: concluding observations; Part II: Application to sulfur emissions in Europe; 8. The institutional framework for controlling sulfur emissions in Europe; 9. Trading with exchange rates; 10. Sulfur emission trading in Europe: a model simulation; 11. An institutional design for Joint Implementation; 12.Conclusions.

Abstract: Presents a survey and analysis of both theory and actual applications of tradable permits.

Kosobud, Richard F. and Jennifer M. Zimmerman, eds. Market-based approaches to environmental policy: regulatory innovations to the fore. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997. 354 p.

Contents: Part 1 - Market tools for green goals: regulatory innovations to the fore; 1.1. Introduction to Part 1: Regulatory reform and reinvention (Kosobud, Zimmerman); 1.2. cost savings from the use of market incentives for pollution control (Anderson, et al); Part 2 - Regulatory innovations on trail: environmental markets; 2.1. Introduction to Part 2: From journal articles to actual markets: the path taken (Kosobud, Zimmerman); 2.2. Development of an emissions reduction market system for Northeast Illinois (Kanerva, Kosobud); Discussants: Ronald L. Burke; Cynthia Faur; 2.3. An insider's view of the SO2 Allowance Trading Legislation (Rosenberg); 2.4 Implementing an Emissions Trading Program in an economically regulated industry: lessons from the SO2 Trading Program (Rose); Discussants: Karl A. McDermott; Larry S. Brodsky; Christian J. Colton; 2.4 The Lake Michigan Ozone Study: findings and implications for emissions trading (Gerritson); 2.6 Emissions trading in nonattainment areas: potential, requirements, and existing programs (Dudek, Goffman, Wade); 2.7 Slippage factors in emissions trading (Tolley, Edwards); 2.8 A deliberative opinion poll of expert views on environmental markets (Kosobud, Zimmerman); Part 3 - Regulatory innovations awaiting trail; 3.1 Introduction to Part 3: New problems and more alternatives (Kosobud, Zimmerman); 3.2 Toward an international CO2 entitlement spot and futures market (Sandor); 3.3 Joint Implementation: from policy to practice (Helme, Gille); Discussants: Richard M. Peck; Kevin G. Quinn; 3.4 Green fees: fiscal instruments for sustainable development (Repetto); Discussants: Paul J. Pieper; Howard Klee, Jr.; 3.5 Joint Amoco/EPA Pollution Prevention Project (Schmitt); Discussants: Frances H. Irwin; Mahesh K. Podar; Manik Roy; Part 4 - Final matters.

Abstract: Presents papers and debates from a series of workshops supported by the MacArthur Foundation attended by experts from regulatory agencies, the private sector, public interest groups and academia.

Leggett, Jeremy, ed. Climate change and the financial sector: the emerging threat - the solar solution. Munchen: Gerling Akademie Verlag, 1996. 212 p.

Abstract: This volume considers the threat to the financial sector posed by climate change. In the first part of the book the author provides background to the concept of climate change, reviewing recent scientific evidence. This is followed by an introduction to the threats to society posed by climate change. In the second part, the proceedings of the Berlin seminar are provided. Here the views of representatives of the insurance industry, banks, pension funds, financial analysts and environmentalists regarding the threats of climate change are provided. The last part of the book provides the proceedings of a seminar in Washington DC sponsored by the U.S. Solar Energy Industry Association. This seminar examined the potential of solar energy solutions to the climate change problem.

Leggett, Jeremy. Climate change and the private financial institutions: a case of unappreciated risks and unrecognized opportunities. Internet.
gopher://gopher.greenpeace.org/00/campaign/atmos/archive/024

Luhmann, Hans-Jochen et al. Making joint implementation operational: solutions for some technical and operational problems of JI in the fossil fuel power sector: Summary of the first part of a study carried out by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Wuppertal Papers. No.31. Wuppertal, Germany: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, 1995. 11 p.

Mabey, Nick et al. Argument in the greenhouse: the international economics of controlling global warming. Global environmental change series. London, UK: Routledge, 1997. 442 p.

Contents: Part I - The science and political economy of climate change; 1. An introduction to climate change; 2. International co-ordination of climate change prevention; Part II - Economic modelling of climate change policy; 3. A review of modelling issues and past work; 4. Empirical modelling of energy demand responses; 5. Modelling the macroeconomic impacts of carbon abatement; 6. Carbon abatement in developing countries: a case study of India; Part III - The international economics of climate change; 7. Optimal climate change policy: theory and practical relevance; 8. Quantitative modelling of optimal international abatement policies; 9. Carbon abatement in incomplete international agreements; 10. The domestic political economy of carbon taxes; 11. OECD co-operation under the Framework Convention on Climate Change; Part IV - Overview; 12. Summary and conclusions.

Abstract: Incorporates key political and legal considerations into 'real world' applied economic analysis. Includes issues: costs, timing and degree of stabilization, ecological tax reform, developing countries, and evolution of international agreements.

Martens, Jens and James A. Paul. "The coffers are not empty: financing for sustainable development and the role of the United Nations. (July 1998).
http://www.igc.apc.org/globalpolicy/socecon/global/paul.htm

Maya, R.S. and J. Gupta, eds. Joint implementation: carbon colonies or business opportunities?: weighing the odds in an information vacuum. Southern Centre Climate Change Series no. 3. Harare: SCEE, 1996. 164 p.

Abstract: This book examines whether joint implementation is acceptable in Africa as a particularly vulnerable sub region of the third world bloc. The authors examine national awareness on JI, consider reasons why JI is resisted by particular groups within society. They also look at the extent to which JI is acceptable, specifically noting the areas of the economies of Africa where JI would be the most pertinent to apply. Energy efficiency improvement, new and renewable sources of energy, and industrial development as a means of reducing dependence on wood are prominent potential areas of JI activity. The ability of Africa to bargain for maximum national or bloc benefits in JI is examined.

Michaelowa, Axel. "Joint implementation: the baseline issue: economic and political aspects." Global Environmental Change 8, no. 1 (1998): 81-92.

Morlot, Jan Corfee and Rebecca Carman, eds. Climate change: mobilising global effort. Paris: OECD, 1997. 131 p.

Contents: Introduction (Corfee Morlot); Assessing Progress in Industrialised Countries; Overview of key information from Annex I Parties' Second Annual Communitcation (Matsarski); Energy and climate change in Korea (Jun); Implementation of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in the Russian Federation (Berdin, Kokorin); Making Markets Happen: The Role of Different Stakeholders; Climate change, insurance and investment management (Joly); Enhancing venture capital for clean technology commercialisation (Parker); Businesses offering sustainable energy solutions want fair competition (Metz); Some experience of energy efficiency funds in central Europe (Stratford); Local governments lead the way in combating global climate change (Sonntag-O'Brien); Towards a Global Effort: Barriers and Opportunities; Technology development and capacity building for mitigation of climate change in developing countries (Pachauri); Lessons in technology transfer under the Montreal Protocol (Shende, Gorman); Foreign direct investment and sustainable industrialisation.

Abstract: Includes a compilation of eleven papers from the 1997 Forum on Climate Change and the "rapporteur's" report highlighting key themes emerging in the discussion.

Myers, Norman and Jennifer Kent. Perverse subsidies: tax $s (dollars) undercutting our economies and environments alike. Winnipeg, MB: IISD, 1998. 230 p.

Contents: Executive summary; Part I: The conceptual background; Chapter 1: Introduction: What are subsidies? Definition; Equity concerns; Why subsidies are often unpopular; The scale of subsidies; Environmental externalities; Research methodology; Key caveat; Chapter 2: When do subsidies become perverse? Environmental and economic values; Environmental and economic costs; Environmental externalitites revisited; The question of uncertainty; Global warming; Summation and conclusions; Part II: Principal sectors; Chapter 3: Agriculture; The subsidies phenomenon; The United States; All OECD countries; Non-OECD countries; The environmental resource base; Subsidies worldwide; Scope for policy interventions; Chapter 4: Fossil fuels/nuclear energy; The United States; All OECD countries; The former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; Other non-OECD countries; Nuclear energy; Environmental externalities; Subsidies worldwide; Policy options 1 - Cutting carbon dioxide emissions; 2 - Energy efficiency and conservation; Chapter 5: Road transportation; The United States; 1 - Roadbuilding and infrastructure; 2 - Free parking; 3 - Road congestion; 4 - Accidents, injuries and deaths; 5 - Military safeguards; 6 - Environmental harm; Total U.S. subsidies; Other OECD countries; Subsidies in non-OECD countries; Subsidies worldwide; Policy responses; Chapter 6: Water; Water demand and supply; Water waste and subsidies; Adverse consequences; Water as a free good; Inefficiency and waste; Three case studies; 1 - India; 2 - Israel; 3 - United States; Subsidies worldwide; Scope for policy reform; Chapter 7: Fisheries; Marine fisheries in decline; Reasons for decline; Subsidies worldwide; Policy responses; Chapter 8: Perverse subsidies: Overview assessment; Perverse subsidies: the leaders; The crux: covert costs of perverse subsidies; The double dividend; Part III: Policy: Potential and practice; Chapter 9: Policy options and recommendations; Big-picture strategies; Supplementary measures; a. Regulation; b. User charges; c. Tradeable permits; d. Green taxes; Subsidies to support the environment; Measuring and monitoring.

Abstract: This report documents the problem of perverse subsidies, definable here as exerting adverse effects on both the economy and the environment. If perverse subsidies amount to a sizeable proportion of subsidies overall, they exert a significantly distortive impact on the global economy.

National Round Table on Environment and the Economy; NRTEE. Environment and economy in APEC: realizing convergence: full report of the March 25-26, 1996 workshop. Ottawa: NRTEE, 1996. 168 p.

Contents: 1 - Synopsis; 2 - Report of the proceedings; 3 - Agenda; 4 - List of participants; 5 - Background information on the NRTEE/PCSD/APEC Study Centre etc.; 6 - Papers: A - The institutional structure of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum and its integration of environmental issues (Morgan), B - APEC post Osaka (Soesastro), C - APEC and the Environment (Phantumvanit, Markopoulos), D - Reconciling ecological, economic and social imperatives towards an analytical framework (Robinson, Tinker), E - Energy and the environment, challenges for the Pacific Rim (Smil), F - Philippine Agenda 21: Framework paper on generating financing options for sustainable development activities in the Philippines (Inocentes III, Habito), G - Trade liberalization and regional environmental cooperation in the APEC forum (Morgan), H - Economic and environmental councils as APEC's partners in sustainable development (Habito), I - Joint implementation in APEC: Issues and opportunities (King), J - APEC and the environment: guiding principles, innovative strategies (Zarsky)

Abstract: This workshop report contains a synopsis of workshops and report of the proceedings for a workshop that discusses ways to better integrate environmental issues and concerns into the agenda of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. A collection of papers that were presented at the workshops are included in this report.

Nordhaus, Robert R., Stephen C. Fotis and Van Ness Felman. Analysis of early action crediting proposals. Washington, DC: Pew Center, 1998. 56 p.

Contents: Forword; Executive summary; Introduction; I. Background and potential need for early action crediting program; Development of binding greenhouse gas limitations; Rationale for an early action crediting program; II. U.S. implementation of voluntary actions and programs; Voluntary CCAP programs for mitigating GHG emissions; Foundation actions for facilitating participation in CCAP programs; EPACT 1605(b) reporting program; Conclusion; III. Legal, policy, and technical issues in designing and early action crediting program; Legal framework; Source and amount of credits; Accommodating the need for flexibility; Actions eligible for credit; Design issues; IV. Analysis of current early reductions proposals; Environmental Defense Fund; Coalition to Advance Sustainable Technology; Center for Clean Air Policy; Resources for the Future; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation; V. Principles.

Abstract: Available from the Web site. This report analyzes proposals to credit early, voluntary actions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and addresses the issues that policy makers will face in designing a domestic early action program.

Nordhaus, William D., ed. Economics and policy issues of climate change. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1998. 324 p.

OECD. Climate change: designing a practical tax system. Paris: OECD, 1992. 272 p.

Contents: 1 - Designing a practical tax system for greenhouse gas emission abatement: an introduction (Corfee-Morlot; Jones), 2 - A review and comparison of CO2 taxes in the Nordic countries ( Haugland, Lunde, Roland), 3 - Overview of proposal for CO2 taxation in Switzerland (Rist, Eggler), 4 - The potential impact of a $10/Barrel energy/carbon tax on UK carbon dioxide emissions (Gregory, Matthews, Newton, Nind), 5 - Carbon taxes in Japan: an analytical perspective and alternative approach (Hibiki, Ono, Morita), 6 - Designing an emissions tax related analysis in the U.S. EPA (Eoff, Leggett), 7 - The role and design of carbon tax in an international climate agreement (Hoel), 8 - Designing fees for abating greenhouse gas emissions (Montgomery), 9 - The use of charges for the reduction of greenhouse gases: designing the charge (Osseward, de Savornin Lohman, van der Burg), 10 - The comprehensive approach, greenhouse taxes and informal emission trading (Weiner), 11 - Taxes to deal with climate change (Yang), 12 - Energy taxation and price distortions in fossil-fuel markets: some implications for climate change policy (Hoeller, Coppel), 13 - Equity issues and carobn taxes (Pearson), 14 - Practical aspects of implementing greenhouse taxes: issues for OECD countries (Victor).

OECD. Global warming: economic dimensions and policy responses. Paris: OECD, 1995. 156 p.

Contents: 1 - Background and main policy considerations; 2 - The current state of the debate; 3 - Possible measures to prevent climate change; 4 - Elements of an appropriate policy response; 5 - The fiscal implications of a carbon tax; 6 - Joint implementation.

Abstract: This paper provides a brief introduction into the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). This is followed by a summary of the uncertainties surrounding the climate change issue, an assessment of how extending the geographical coverage of efforts to achieve the abatement target implied by the FCCC can reduce total cost, and an introduction to the "carbon leakage" problem. Possible policy responses to the risk of global warming are reviewed in chapter three. These include emission curtailment, green house gas sequestration, and adaptation responses. The problems and possibilities of an efficient overall policy response are discussed. Chapter 4 discusses the fiscal implications of a carbon tax. The final part of the paper focuses on the need for international co-operation and discusses various key issues pertinent to joint implementation.

OECD. Project and policy appraisal: integrating economics and environment. OECD documents. Paris: OECD, 1994. 346 p.

Abstract: Provides detailed description of economic techniques for evaluating projects designed to protect the environment, such as the monetary valuation of environmental damage, Pricing of environmental resources and the role of discounting.

Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy and National Round Table on the Environment and Economy. A strategy for sustainable transportation in Ontario: report of the Transportation and Climate Change Collaborative. (s.l.): Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy, 1995. 32 p.

Contents: Collaborative participants; Message to the Premier; Foreword; A recommended strategy for sustainable transportation; Greenhouse gas facts and figures; Transportation sector facts and figures; Why take action on climate change; Education and awareness - fundamental to progress; Towards more compact, mixed-use communities; Effecting a shift from automobiles to transit; Cleaner, more fuel-efficient automobiles; Reducing emissions from freight transport; Conclusions and future directions; Collaborative research reports.

Abstract: This report contains a recommended strategy for sustainable transportation with actions. This strategy includes shifting from automobiles to transit; encouraging more compact urban developments; encouraging the development and use of more fuel-efficient automobiles; reducing emissions from freight transport; and increasing taxes or user charges only as part of an overall reform of the tax system.

Ott, Hermann E. "Operationalizing 'Joint Implementation': organizational and institutional aspects of a new instrument in international climate policy." Global Environmental Change 8, no.1 (1998): 11-47.

Pearce, David. Blueprint 4 (four): capturing global environmental value. London: Earthscan, 1995. 212 p.

Contents: The global commons; Climate change; The ozone layer; Biological diversity; The failure of economic systems; International trade and the environment; Population and poverty; Overconsumption; Global bargains; The Global Environment Facility and Rio conventions; Incremental cost; Joint implementation.

Abstract: Continues the theme of the Blueprint series, of explaining the opportunities for using market forces for environmental ends, and it carries on from Blueprint 2 in dealing with the global environment. It shows what a range of possibilities there are for imaginative 'global bargains' - deals between the rich and the poor, or indeed the rich and the rich and the poor and the poor - that give everyone a self-interested incentive to improve the environment.

Reed, David, ed. The Global Environment Facility: sharing responsibility for the biosphere: volume 2. Washington, DC: WWF, [n.d.]. 104 p.

Contents: (Selected) Part I: Assessment of the Global Environment Facility; Chapter One - Evolution of the Global Environment Facility; Chapter Two - Assessment of pilot phase operations; Chapter Three - The GEF experience in perspective; Chapter Four - Recommendations for reform; Part II: Studies; Study One: The Global Environment Facility Pilot Phase: project cycle, project criteria, and project portfolio (Wood); Study Two: Financial transfers under the Conventions on Climate Change and Biological Diversity (Mott); Study Three: The Interim Multilateral Fund and the implementation of the Montreal Protocol (Wood); Study Four: The pilot program to conserve the Brazilian Rain Forests (Batmanian).

Roland, Kjell and Torleif Haugland. Joint implementation – difficult to implement? Energy, Environment and Development Working Paper 1994/7. Lysaker, Norway: Fridtjof Nansen Institute, 1995. 7 p. + appendices.

Contents: Joint implementation; Summary; The concept; Ilumex in Mexico; Coal-to-gas conversion in Polen; Net abatement; Incentives to over report emission reductions.

Abstract: In this paper the problems connected to the practical implementation of joint implementation are discussed on the basis of an evaluation of pilot projects in Poland and Mexico.

Rotter, Jonathan C. and Kyle W. Danish. Nature Conservancy, Hunton & Willams. Carbon forestry and the Kyoto protocol's clean development mechanism: a legal analysis. [s.l.]: The authors, [1998]. 6 p.

Notes: Publication information assumed.

Schellnhuber, Hans-Joachim and Volker Wenzel, eds. Earth system analysis: integrating science for sustainability: complemented results of a symposium organized by the Potsdam Institute (PIK). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998. 530 p.

Contents: (Selected); PART 1. Earth System Analysis - The Concept; 1. Prologue; 2. Global change: quantity turns into quality; 3. Global environmental management: the physics and the metaphysics; 4. Sustainable development: one + four paradigms; Standardization; Optimization; Pessimization; Equitization; Stabilization; Complex paradigms; 5. Integrated modelling: exploring virtual planetary futures; 6. Fuzzy control: soft decision making under uncertainty or a tale of two demons; The teleological dream: Laplace's demon and contemporary company; Newton's root-finding method - a paradigm for fuzzy control; Coping with uncertainty: grand entrance of Maxwell's demon; Fuzzy control and geo-cybernetics; 7. Epilogue; Commentary: Earth system analysis - explorations in a research frontier (Nijkamp); Surprises in the climate change course (Golitsyn); Sustainable development - teleology and ambiguity (Wenzel); PART 2. Natural Dimensions; Chapter 1: Ecology and the earth system (Prentice); Commentary on Ecology and the earth system (Kohlmaier); Commentary: Eco-system modelling and the social sciences (Luterbacher and Wiegandt); Chapter 2: Climate change and land use: global and regional analysis (Parry, et al); Commentary: On the inconsistency at the interface of climate impact studies and global climate simulations (Claussen); Chapter 3: Sustainable development in agricultural landscapes (Muhle); Commentary (Bauer); Commentary: towards a socially accepted, sustainable management of agricultural landscapes (Kienast); PART 3: Human Dimensions; Chapter 1: Modelling global environmental change: improving human dimensions components (Jacobson); Chapter 2: Internationally tradeable emission certificates - efficiency and equity in linking environmental protection with economic development (Simonis); Commentary: Criteria for an equitable distribution of internationally tradeable emission certificates (Helm); Chapter 3: New models of wealth (von Weizsacker); Commentary on new models of wealth (Bolle); Commentary on new models of wealth (Bora); Chapter 4: urban metabolism and disaster vulnerability in an era (Mitchell); PART 4: Integration for Sustainability; Chapter 1: Multi-factor optimization of greenhouse gas emission paths using coupled integral climate response and economic models (Hasselmann and Hasselmann); Commentary: Short remarks on the problem of integrated modelling (Maltsev); Commentary: Global environment and society (GES) models, a problem of multiple control theory (Franzle); Chapter 2: Global change and sustainable development: towards an integrated conceptual model (Rotmans); Commentary on Global change and sustainable development (Tilzer); Commentary (Windhorst); Chapter 3: From a fictional globe to poetic ecosystems: modelling human interactions with the environment (Rockwell); Commentary (Kruse-Graumann); Commentary (Mohr); Chapter 4: Is global modelling feasible? (Durr); Commentary (Bengtsson); Commentary (Eberwein).

Abstract: "Earth System Analysis is a new scientific enterprise that tries to perceive the earth as a whole, a unique system which is to be analyzed with methods ranging from nonlinear dynamics to macroeconomic modelling. This book, resulting from an international symposium organized by the Potsdam Institute, has two aims: first, to integrate contributions from leading researchers and scholars from around the world to provide a multifaceted perspective on what Earth System Analysis is all about, and second, to outline the scope of the scientific challenge and elaborate the general formalism for a well-defined transdisciplinary discourse on this most fascinating issue."—Back cover.

"Setting Eco Taxes," http://csf.colorado.edu/authors/Agerley.Harald/ecotaxes.html

Spector, Bertram I. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; IIASA. Negotiating international regimes: lessons learned from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). International environmental law and policy series. Boston: Kluwer Publishers, 1994. 283 p.

Notes: Edited by Bertram I. Spector and others.

Contents: (Selected); Dynamics of regime building negotiations, Story of the UNCED process (Chasek), Issue clarification and the role of consensual knowledge in the UNCED process (Sjosstedt), Search for flexibility on financial issues at UNCED (Spector), Food security, environment and development: a case analysis of process dynamics (Wolf), Problems and opportunities in intragovernmental coordination: a northern perspective (Schally), Decision making process from a developing country perspective (Avalle); Scientific uncertainty and power politics: Framework Convention on Climate Change and the role of scientific advice (Boehmer-Christiansen), Role of nongovernmental organizations in UNCED (Doherty).

Standard & Poor's DRI. Impacts on Canadian competitiveness of international climate change mitigation: phase II: special study prepared for Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Industry Canada, Department of Finance, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 1v.in various pagings

Stewart, Richard B., Jonathan B. Wiener and Philippe Sands. Legal issues presented by a pilot international greenhouse gas trading system: among countries with binding emission targets under the FCCC. New York: UNCTAD, 1996. 2 v.

Contents: VOLUME 1: (Selected) I - Introduction; II - Basic elements of a pilot GHG allowance trading or emissions budget system; III - International GHG trading systems and joint implementation/activities implemented jointly; IV - Specific issues to be addressed in the design and implementation of a pilot international trading system; V - Conclusion; VOLUME 2: A pilot greenhouse gas tradings system - the legal issues: [Plain language summary version of volume 1]

Abstract: This report discusses the principal legal, institutional and organizational issues presented by a pilot GHG international emissions trading system, and options for its implementation. The basic elements of possible pilot trading systems and the organizational structure needed to establish and support them are outlined. The differences between this trading system and existing approaches to joint implementation are discussed.

Tata Energy Research Institute; TERI, Indo-German Energy Efficiency Project; GTZ and Indian Association for Energy and Environmental Economics; IAEEE. Energy and economic growth: is sustainable growth possible?: Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference: International Association for Energy Economics. New Delhi: TERI, 1997. 3 v.

Conference: International Conference of the International Association for Energy Economics (20: 1997: New Delhi)

Contents: VOLUME I: Plenary session I - Globalization: challenges and opportunities in shaping a common future; Plenary session II - Emerging development paradigms and rural energy needs; Concurrent Session I; Parallel Session A1: Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming: causes and impacts; Parallel Session A2 - Environmental and resource economics; Parallel Session A3 - Energy efficiency and conservation; Parallel session A4 - Hydrocarbon economics; Concurrent session II - Parallel session B1 - Economics of climate change; Parallel Session B2 - Energy taxes and subsidies: efficiency, equity, and environmental implications; Parallel session B3 - Renewable energy technologies; Parallel Session B4 - Energy demand forecasting and analysis; VOLUME II - Plenary session V - Financing sustainable energy development; Concurrent session III; Parallel session C1 - Strategies to combat climate change; Parallel session C2 - Economics and pricing; Parallel session C3 - Issues in the power sector; Parallel session C4 - Energy supply prospects and changes; Concurrent session IV; Parallel session D1 - Integration of energy systems and resource planning; Parallel session D2 - Financing sustainable energy development; Parallel session D3 - Transportation and energy; Parallel session D4 - Trends and development in the global oil economy; VOLUME III: Concurrent session V; Parallel session E1 - The energy cycle and environmental effects; Parallel session E2 - Lifestyles and consumption patterns; Parallel session E3 - Economic growth I: Case studies; Parallel session E4 - Trade and environment; Parallel session E5 - Panel discussion: regulatory frameworks for energy development; Concurrent session VI; Parallel session F1 – Energy and environmental security; Parallel session F2 - Privatization and institutional restructuring; Parallel session F3 - Economic growth II: imperatives and limits; Parallel session F4 - Energy markets.

Abstract: The theme of this conference links issues of energy consumption and production with the concept of sustainability. The economic, environmental and social impacts of energy development are the subject of a large number of the papers that were presented and the workshops that were staged. Alternatives to present energy development strategies are among the many topics considered. Economic development was the topic of several papers.

"The Tobin Tax," http://www.ceedweb.org/ttinit.htm

Toman, Michael and Marina Cazorla. "The clean development mechanism: a primer." Weathervane (Sept. 29, 1998). Washington, DC: RFF, 1998. 5 p.
http://www.weathervane.rff.org/features/feature048.html

United Nations Environment Programme; UNEP. The environment and financial performance: UNEP's third international round-table meeting on finance and the environment. New York, NY: UNEP-FSI, 1997. 118 p.

Conference: Round-table Meeting on Finance and the Environment (3rd: 1997: New York)

Contents: Forward; Speech; Plenary One: Relevance of environmental performance to corporate valuation; Plenary Two: Challenges in relating environmental performance to financial performance; Plenary Three: International legislative and policy initiatives; 1A: Best practices for greening international operations; 1B: Redevelopment issues; 1C: Environmental disclosures and reporting; 1D: The insurance industry & the environment; 1E: Eco-efficiency: measuring its impact on corporate performance & shareholder value; 1F: Environmental assessment; Plenary Four: Environmental opportunities & issues in private finance; 2A: Communicating with stakeholders on environmental issues; 2B: Practical responses to climate change; 2C: Environmental issues for fiduciaries & trustees; 2D: Power/energy and investment; 2E: Opportunities for green investment; Plenary Five: Role of financial institutions in effecting environmental change; List of participants.

Abstract: Notes and conference report of the Third UNEP Round-Table Meeting on Finance and the Environment held at Columbia University, May 22-23, 1997. The objective of this conference wasto explore the links between financial and environmental performance and thereby foster the integration of strategic environmental issues in credit and investment decision-making.

United Nations Environment Programme; UNEP. Statement on climate change. Geneva: UNEP, 1998. 6 p.

Abstract: Presented by the Steering Committee of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Financial Institutions Initiative on the occasion of the UNEP Fourth International Roundtable Meeting on Finance and the Environment, Queens' College Cambridge, United Kingdom, September 1998.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; FCCC (1992). [Assorted miscellaneous materials including those from United Nations General Assembly Intergovernmental Committee sessions and others published in 1992-1996]. [s.l.]: 1992-1996. v. in box.

Notes: Treaty signed at the Earth Summit in 1992, had met the required number for ratification Dec. 22, 1993 and in force March 21, 1994.

Contents: Includes: IPCC second assessment synthesis of scientific-technical information relevant to interpreting article 2 of the UN Framework...; The "new mathematics" in climate change economics (Raghavan); Negotiating the 'Berlin Mandate': reflections on the First 'Conference of the Parties' to the UN Framework Convention... (Rudig); Criteria for joint implementation...(Wood Hole Research Centre); Africa and the Climate Change Convention (Earthcare Africa); Will it get warmer, will it get colder? a report on the UN conference held in Berlin, 1995; Understanding climate change: a beginner's guide to the UN Framework Convention; The ad hoc process to strengthen the Framework Convention on Climate Change: report on a conference held 7-9 October 1995 (Woods Hole Research Center); The first conference of the parties (Oberthur, Ott); Report of the Global Environment Facility to the Second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Second session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Responses to questionnaire relating to the establishment of a multilateral consultative process: submissions by intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies; Financial mechanism of the Framework Convention on Climate Change: operational issues (Woods Hole Research Centre).

Abstract: These reports represent the essence of the discussion that took place at a closed workshop, January 9-11, 1994. The aim of the workshop was to advance debate on the concept of Joint Implementation introduced into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The issues that received the most discussion were: the implications of Joint Implementation in the near- and long-term; the global reduction necessary to meet the objective contained in the Convention; equal but differentiated responsibilities, credit versus recognition, and trial phase versus operational phase; the relevance of verification mechanisms; and the role of international agencies.

United Nations. United Nations Environment Programme; UNEP. "Ozone." Our Planet 9, no. 2 (1997): 1-31.

Contents: Editorial (Dowdeswell); Change of atmosphere (Rowland); Covenant with the future (Buxton); Avoiding disaster (Van der Leun); OzonAction: Special supplement; A fund of solutions (El-Arini); The OzonAction Programme (UNEP IE); Viewpoint: Effective, but how fair? (Agarwal); Small is important (Seebaluck); Taking firm steps (Yi); Smugglers beware (Stirpe); Industry in the lead (Andersen); UNEP News; Renewing our commitment, celebrating our progress (Stewart).

Victor, David G., Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Nadejda Victor. The Kyoto Protocol carbon bubble: implications for Russia, Ukraine and emission trading. IIASA Interim Report. No.IR-98-094/October. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, [1998]. 11 p.

Werksman, Jacob. Responding to non-compliance under the Climate Change Regime. OECD Information Paper. Paris: OECD, 1998. 31 p.

Contents: Executive summary; 1. Introduction; Relationships and governing law; Theoretical approaches to non-compliance responses; 2. General international law; Law of treaties; State responsibility; Procedures and mechanisms; 3. Treaty-specific mechanisms for non-compliance; In depth review; Multilateral consultative process; Non-compliance procedure; Compliance and the KP's implementation mechanisms; Developing and indicative list on non-compliance consequences; Capacity building and expert technical assistance; Suspension of rights; Deductions from a subsequent commitment period with a penalty; Financial penalties; Economic and trade sanctions; Pairing response measures with types of non-compliance; Balancing automaticity and discretion; 4. Conclusions.

Abstract: This paper summarizes the opportunities to strengthen the regime's ability to identify, prevent and respond to cases of non-compliance. In particular, the paper describes how the Protocol's diverse implementation mechanisms have the potential to create a wide range of legal relationships that make possible more specific and concrete responses to non-compliance than those found in other multilateral environmental agreements.

White, James, Wendy H. Petry and William R. Wagner, eds. Evaluating climate change action plans: national actions for international commitment. Environmental science research, v.53. New York: Plenum Press, 1996. 270 p.

Contents: 1 - The International negotiating committee process (Avalle); 2 - The United States perspective (Reifsnyder); 3 - Session I Discussion with Oscar Avalle and Daniel Reifsnyder; 4 - Scientific status report (Watson); 5 - Discussion with Robert Watson; 6 - The United States Action Plan: An overview (Hausker); 7 - Luncheon discussion with Karl Hausker; 8 - Perspectives on the U.S. Climate Action Plan: The states perspective (Rinebolt); 9 - The environmental perspective (Lashof); 10 - Industry/business perspectives (Hemphill); 11 - Business/Industry perspectives (Beck); 12 - Session II Discussion with Robert Beck, John Hemphill, Daniel Lashof, and David Rinebolt; 13 - Critique of Session II (Cook); 14 - Critique of session II (Montgomery); 15 - Discussion with Elizabeth Cook and David Montgomery; 16 - Electric power supply alternatives: CO2 mitigations (Siebenthal); 17 - Session III Discussion with Charles Siebenthal; 18 - Industrial demand: The Climate Wise Program (Herman); 19 - Electric utilities: The Climate Change Challenge Plan (Forrister); 20 - Discussion with Dirk Forrister and Pamela Herman; 21 - Transportation (Warren); 22 - Discussion with Wesley Warren; 23 - EPA's programs for cost-effectively reducing methane emissions and emissions of other greenhouse gases (Hogan); 24 - Funding the U.S. Climate Action Plan (Glauthier); 26 - Canada's National Action Plan (Findlay); 27 - Climate protection in Germany (Schoett); 28 - Session IV Discussion with Richard Findlay and Wolfram Schoett; 29 - Japan's Action Report on Climate Change...; 30 - The National Action Plan for the United Kingdom (Hammond); 31 - The development of an Asia Pacific regional response to climate change (Topping); 32 - Discussion with Richard Findlay, Mark Hammond, Satoshi Tanaka, Wolfram Schoett, and John Topping; 33 - Critique of Session IV (Morgan); 34 - Discussion with Mark Hammond, Jennifer Morgan, Wolfram Schoett, and John Topping; 35 - After the year 2000 (Werner); 36 - Session V - Discussion with Carol Werner; 37 - Integrated assessment: A tool for policy making (Morgan, Dowlatabadi); 38 - Innovative responses (Mintzer); 40 Setting goals under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (Pershing); 41 - Discussion with Jonathan Pershing and Elizabeth Thorndike; 42 - Closing remarks (Nitze); 43 - Discussion with M. Granger Morgan, William Nitze, and Jonathan Pershing; 44 - Program of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc.

Abstract: This volume contains the papers presented at Tenth Annual Conference of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc., on National Actions for International Commitment: Evaluating climate change action plans, held November 30 - December 2, 1994, in Washington, D.C. These papers concentrate on an overview of the U.S. plan; the perspectives of business, industry, electric utilities, and environmental organizations; mitigation actions in various plans; integrated assessment; an overview of plans from various nations; and the need to amend the convention.

World Wide Fund for Nature; WWF. Forests and climate change. WWF Special Report. No.6. Gland, Switzerland: WWF, 1991. 32 p.

Contents: (Selected) Editorial; Forestry and climate change; Forest destruction - a main contributor of climate change; West Africa - tropical forest under attack; Protected areas and climate change; Forest crisis in Latin America; The Amazon region - prospects for the year 2000; Asia - greenhouse New Guinea; CO2 emisions from de-vegetation; Strengthening tropical forest conservation principles; Planting new forests - the best way to absorb atmospheric CO2; Sustainable forestry; International initiatives - TFAP and ITTO; The Netherlands' policy on climate change; The Convention on the Conservation of Biological Diversity; Towards a climate change treaty; At what cost?

World Wildlife Fund for Nature; WWF. Climate changes: an issue summary of health and climate change. Gland, Switzerland: WWF, 1996.

Abstract: Discussion of the connections between climate change and infectious disease outbreaks.

Yamin, Farhana. Developing countries and emission trading: speech by Farhana Yamin, Director, FIELD. London, UK: FIELD, 1998. 6 p.

Conference: Canada/US Emissions Trading Forum (1998: Vancouver)

Yamin, Farhana. Origins, evolution and prospects of the clean development mechanism. London, UK: FIELD, 1998. 10 p.

Conference: Climate after Kyoto (1998: London, UK)

Zhang, ZhongXiang. Joint implementation as a cost-effective climate policy measure: a Chinese perspective. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, 1996. 63 p.

Abstract: This report investigates the viability of using joint implementation projects (JI) for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from a Chinese perspective. In these projects one country invests in the carbon emissions abatement projects of another country where the costs of abating carbon emissions are lower. This report provides an economic analysis of carbon emission limits for China. A historical analysis of CO2 emissions is followed by the creation of a Computable General Equilibrium Model for carbon abatement analysis. A baselines scenario and several carbon abatement counterfactual policy simulations are performed. A comparison of the magnitude of a carbon tax across regions is used to illustrate the opportunities for the use of global tradeable emissions permits and JI projects. This report shows that the carbon taxes required in China are much lower than those for both the industrialized countries and the world average in order to achieve the same percentage of emissions reductions relative to the baseline. A number of potential areas for JI projects with China are discussed.

Journals:

Eco: The Climate Action Newsletter
Institute for Global Communications
hhttp://www.igc.org/igc/econet/

Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions
Jackson Environment Institute, University College London

Joint Implementation Quarterly
Joint Implementation Network
http://www.northsea.nl/jiq/

Tiempo
International Institute for Environment and Development
http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/tiempo/

Weathervane
Resources for the Future
http://www.weathervane.rff.org

Organizations:

Centre for Science and the Environment
http://www.oneworld.org/cse/

Global Commons Institute
http://www.gn.apc.org/gci/
42 Windsor Road,
London NW2 5DS United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 181 451 0778
Fax: +44 (0) 181 830 2366
email (Aubrey Meyer) saveforests@gn.apc.org

OECD and Climate Change
http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/

Pew Center on Global Climate Change
http://www.pewclimate.org/home.html2
2111 Wilson Blvd.
Suite 350
Arlington, VA 22201
Tel: (703) 516-4146

Tata Energy Research Institute
http://www.teriin.org/
Darbari Seth Block Habitat Place
Lodhi Road
New Delhi - 11 0003 INDIA
Email: webgroup@teri.res.in

United Nations. UNFCCC Secretariat. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
http://www.unfccc.de/
P.O. Box 260124
D-53153 Bonn
Germany
Email: secretariat@unfccc.de

US Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO)
http://www.gcrio.org/
GCRIO User Services
PO Box 1000
61 Route 9W
Palisades, NY 10964 USA
Tel: (914) 365-8930
Fax: (914) 365-8922
Email: help@gcrio.org