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Ethics and Sustainable Development…Selected Sources

Achar, Rajani, et al. Shopping with a conscience : the informed shopper's guide to retailers, suppliers, and service providers in Canada. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1996. 286 p.

Contents: (Selected) Introduction; Key issues and honor rolls; Ratings tables by company, brand and banner name; Companies by industry sectors; Options for action; Sources for action; Action Report.

Abstract: This book provides the responses of 114 large companies in Canada to questions that assess their social, environmental, and corporate responsibilities. Specific questions provide rankings on the following issues: Corporate social responsibility, gender and family issues, community responsibility, progressive staff policies, labour relations, environmental performance, environmental management, management practices and consumer relations, sourcing and trading practices, candor, and Canadian content. Companies can be compared with all other companies assessed or within industry sectors. Industry sectors range from auto manufacturers to courier services and gas stations, to name only a few. The intent of the book is to identify the most responsible retail corporations operating in Canada. The authors provide two chapter that provide strategies and information for achieving increased corporate responsibility.

AIESEC International. Corporate responsibility and entrepreneurship : a youth insight. Brussels, BE: AIESEC, 1992. 256 p.

Conference: AIESEC Global Theme Conference (1992 : Rome)

Contents: Enterprise and the environment; Social and cultural dimensions of the market; Human resource responsibility; Ethics in corporate communication; Global economy; Promoting competitive markets and entrepreneurship.

Abstract: Represents a youth perspective on how responsible business and industry can lead the way to sustainable development.

al-Hibri, Azizah, Daniel Maguire and James B. Martin-Schramm. Panel on Religious and Ethical Perspectives on Population Issues. Religious and ethical perspectives on population issues. Washington: Religious Consultation on Population, Reproductive Health and Ethics, 1993. 24 p.

Conference: International Conference on Population and Development : Prepcom II (1993 : New York)

American Association of Engineering Societies and World Engineering Partnership for Sustainable Development. The role of engineering in sustainable development : selected readings and references for the profession. Washington, D.C.: AAES, 1994. 106 p.

Contents: (Selected): Code of environmental ethics for engineers (WFEO); Environmental policy statement (FIDIC)

Anderson, Elizabeth. Value in ethics and economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. 245 p.

Contents: (Selected): A pluralist theory of value; Monistic theories of value; The ethical limitations of the market; Is women's labor a commodity?; Cost-benefit analysis, safety and environmental quality.

Anderson, Nancy W. (ed.) Agenda 21 : moving into the 21st century : a record of proceedings... March 20-21, 1993. Medford, MA: Tufts University, 1993. 223 p.

Conference: New England Environment Conference on Agenda 21 (1993 : Medford, MA)

Contents: (Selected): The corporate response to Agenda 21: The Earth Summit challenge; Media coverage of environmental issues; From cold war to peace: conversion, jobs for the environment; Northern forests: a panel discussion; Business, ethics and the environment; Indigenous rights after Rio: native peoples and sustainable development; Population issues; The environmental impacts of conventional agriculture; Greening the debate: the roles of environmentalists in elections; A world-wide network of environmental lawyers; Corporation actions to improve the environment; The urban environment: the complexity of the problems; Renewable energy and building design; Local and regional sustainable development; Citizen participation in lake protection; Watersheds and their importance; The growth of organic farming; Making universities environmentally responsible; Careers in the environmental field.

Abstract: The paper provides a record of the proceedings of the March 1993 conference on Agenda 21 organized by the New England Environmental Network.

Baer-Brown, Leslie and Bob Rhein. Earth keepers : a sourcebook for environmental issues and action. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1995. 274 p.

Contents: Indigenous thought; Endangered species; The new Earth keepers; Environmental ethics; Green politics; Future quest.

Abstract: The handbook covers the topics of Native American values, endangered species, childhood environmental education, environmental business ethics, green politics, and prospects for a sustainable future. Each section contains two pertinent essays by environmentally active writers and educators; identification of critical issues and major corporate and political offenders; and guided options for action, which may be as simple as connecting with nature by filling one's home with live plants or as substantial as organizing an Earth Day workshop. Addresses and sample letters are provided to encourage expressions of concern to corporate executives, national politicians, and foreign heads of state. Also included are addresses of national environmental organizations whose goals relate to these particular issues. An afterword alerts the unwary to the innocuously labeled Wise Use Movement and its deceptively named anti-environmental organizations and agendas.

Barrett, Richard. A guide to liberating your soul. Alexandria, VA: Fulfilling Books, 1995. 157 p.

Barringer, Richard (ed.). Toward a sustainable Maine : the politics, economics, and ethics of sustainability : proceedings of a conference...March 19 and 20, 1993... Portland: University of Southern Maine, Edmund S. Muski Institute of Public Affairs, 1993, 366 p.

Contents: Global, Canadian and Maine perspectives: Environment, development and survival (Ruckelhaus), The language of sustainable development: some basic terms, ideas and understandings (Meadows), Round Tables, square shooters and the Canadian experience (Leefe). The sustainability dilemma: observations from Maine history; Sustaining our natural and human-made capital: Strategies for harmonizing short term and long term development objectives by preserving natural capital (Toietenberg), Infrastructure and sustainable development (Aschauer); Sustaining our community resources: Community based economic development and sustainable development: a practitioner's view and a gender perspective (Phillips and Golden), Values and community: the promise of sustainable agriculture and the role of government (Smith and Marra); Sustaining our human resources: Toward sustainable human resource development for Maine (Hillard and Vail), Towards a sustainable economy: what's health got to do with it?

Beavis, Mary Ann (ed.). Environmental stewardship : history, theory and practice : workshop proceedings (March 11-12, 1994) [Winnipeg]. University of Winnipeg. Institute of Urban Studies. Occasional paper no.32. Winnipeg: Institute of Urban Studies, 1994. 180 p.

Contents: (Selected): Global warming and stewardship of the planet's health (Hutchinson); Environmental stewardship: an eco-feminist philosophical perspective (Warren); Local stewardship: creating an environmental vanguard (Lerner); Indigenous knowledge systems and cross-cultural aspects of environmental stewardship (Warren); Stewardship or sustainable development: which approach for the Red River Watershed? (Oborne).

Benton, L.M. "Selling the natural or selling out : exploring environmental merchandising." Environmental Ethics 17 (Spring 1995): 3-22. Denton, TX: Environmental Philosophy Inc., 1995. 20 p.

Beversluis, Joel D. (ed.). A sourcebook for Earth's community of religions. Grand Rapids, Michigan: CoNexus Press,

1995. 366 p.

Contents: Making the connections; African traditional religions; The Baha'i faith; Buddhism; Christianity; Confucianism; First Peoples and native traditions; Hinduism; Humanism; Islam; Jainism; Judaism; Shinto; Sikhism; Spiritual, esoteric and evolutionary philosophies; Taoism; The Unification Church; Wicca and nature spirituality; Zoroastrianism; Joining the sacred community; Legacies of the parliaments; The 1993 parliament of the world's religions; A global ethic; Religions united?; Toward spiritual concord; Interfaith dialogue; Facing intolerance, violence and other evils; Religions and good governance; The United Nations at 50; Earth Day, every day; Human rights and religions freedom; Hunger; Population; Values and social development; Weapons and disarmament; A culture of peace; The next generations; Women are speaking out; Science and religion; Voices of dispossessed and indigenous peoples; What do we do now?; Service organizations and resource centers; Print, audio and video resources; A global brain.

Abstract: The book presents religions, spiritual and humanistic philosophies, and indigenous views and how they can help modern societies resolve global issues such as environmental destruction, population pressures, hunger and interreligious conflict. It contains more than 300 articles, essays and quotations and nearly 400 resource listings.

Blackburn, J. Walton and Willa Marie Bruce (eds.). Mediating environmental conflicts : theory and practice. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1995. 309 p.

Contents: Introduction; Mediation and the new environmental agenda (Reed); Environmental mediation: what do we know and how do we know it? (O'Leary); Mediating environmental disputes: borrowing ideas from a law and economics perspective (Maida); Training environmental mediators: a community-based approach (Allen); Midwest energy utilities (Dworkin and Jordan); The problems of designing environmental mediation for small communities (Klase); Beyond the limits: dispute resolutions of intractable environmental conflicts (Burgess and Burgess); Evaluating ADR as an approach to citizen participation in siting a low-level nuclear waste facility (Clary and Hornney); Negotiating community consensus in preparing environmental impact statements (Richardson); Consensus building to write environmentally responsive rules for Maine's new transportation policy (Bogdonoff); The ethics of environmental mediation (Stephens et al); Assuring justice in cross-cultural environmental mediation (Blackford and Matunga); Regulatory negotiation: learning from experiences at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Ryan); Environmental mediation: keys to success at the local government level (Wood and Guy); Mediating the Idaho wilderness controversy (Baird et al); The inland northwest field burning summit: a case study (Mangerich and Luton); Environmental mediation theory and practice: challenges, issues and needed research and theory development (Blackburn).

Abstract: Provides an examination of environmental mediation by 28 experts from diverse perspectives as well as stresses the need for mediated dispute resolution as an alternative to litigation. Case studies analyze nuclear waste siting, highway design, wilderness designation, field burning, and Environmental Impact Statement development.

Bookchin, Murray. The modern crisis. 2nd rev. ed. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987. 194 p.

Contents: Rethinking ethics, nature, and society; What is social ecology?; Market economy or moral economy?; An appeal for social and ecological sanity; Workers and the peace movement; Notes.

Abstract: This book contains 4 papers that suggest a rethinking of the ethical basis of our modern society. The author considers the ecological crisis and argues for deep social changes. The divisive conflict between workers in the arms industries and middle-class peace activists is also discussed.

Bookchin, Murray. The philosophy of social ecology : essays on dialectical naturalism. Montreal: Black Rose Books,

1996. 183 p.

Contents: Introduction : a philosophical naturalism; Toward a philosophy of nature : the bases for an ecological ethics; Freedom and necessity in nature : a problem in ecological ethics; Thinking ecologically : a dialectical approach; History, civilization, and progress : outline for a critique of modern relativism.

Abstract: Four essays by Bookchin that argue against various tendencies that surfaced in the American ecology movement in the 1980s. The first essay looks at the tendency to turn systems theory into ecological philosophy. The next essay challenges the neo-Darwinian view of the natural world fostered by ecologists and known as "biocentrism". The author attacks the new age paradigm in another essay that looks at the ecology movement. The final essay considers philosophical relativism and postmodernism and their influence on the ecology movement.

Buege, Douglas J. "The ecologically noble savage revisited." Environmental Ethics 18 (Spring, 1996) : 71-88. 18 p.

Abstract: The stereotype of the "ecologically noble savage" is still prevalent in European-American discourses. I examine the empirical justifications offered for this stereotype, concluding that we lack sound empirical grounds for believing in "ecological nobility." I argue that the stereotype should be abandoned because i has negative consequences for native peoples. Instead of accepting questionable stereotypes, philosophers and others should focus on the lives of particular peoples in order to understand their philosophies as well as the relationships that they maintain with their homelands.

Business Ethics. "Does it pay to be ethical?" Business Ethics (March/April, 1997) : p.14-16.

California State University Fullerton. Olinda Heights sustainable vision statement : ethics, economy, ecology, community. 1994. 12 p.

Abstract: Outlines a project for a sustainable community at Olinda Heights, California.

Callicott, J. Baird. "Do deconstructive ecology and sociobiology undermine Leopold's land ethic." Environmental Ethics 18 (Winter, 1996) : p. 353-372.

Campiglio, Luigi. The environment after Rio : international law and economics. International environment law and policy series. Boston: Kluwer Publishers, 1994. 285 p.

Contents: (Selected): Rio Conference between policy and law; Role of the united States; Role of the European Communities; Role of the Developing Countries; Declarations and Conventions adopted in Rio: Legal protection of the world's forests after Rio '92, Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity; Prospects for the future in the light of Agenda 21 and of the evolving principles of international environmental law: Polluter pays principle in the early 1990s, Management of water resources, Protection of the oceans in Agenda 21 and international environmental law, Protection of mountain areas in the instruments adopted at the Rio Conference; Environment: development and interdependence: Is there anything new in the concept of sustainable development? (Hammond), Economic growth, technical progress and the environment (Musu, Role of technology), North South trade, property rights and the dynamics of the environment (Chichilnisky), Global environmental change, rationality and ethics (Zamaagni, Externalities, market incentives and efficiency), Poverty and the environment: is there a trade-off (Dasgupta, GDP and pollution, Net national product and sustainable development, Environmental degradation and children as producer goods), Urbanization, energy and environment: for a global approach (Allal), Are international institutions in favor of the environment? (Berthelot).

Abstract: Proceedings from a congress in Courmayeur, Italy, 1993. Aims to identify trends of international environmental policy and to work out priorities that the various countries have to deal with in the future.

Cannon, Tom. Corporate responsibility : a textbook on business ethics, governance, environment : roles and responsibilities. London, UK: Pitman, 1994. 341 p.

Contents: 1 -Ethics and responsibilities: the emerging agenda; PART ONE - Business ethics: context, content and debate: 2 - An historical perspective , 3 - The role of business in society, 4 - Key issues in business ethics: innovation, people, technology and markets, 5 - Stewardship and finance, 6 - Dilemmas and debates in theory and practice; PART TWO: Governance and compliance: 7 - The nature and evolution of governance, 8 - Corporate governance: an international perspective, 9 - Standards, safety and security: issues and obligations; PART THREE - The environment: 10 - The slowly dawning green revolution, 11 - The natural environment: development compliance and activism, 12 - The built environment; PART FOUR - The economically and socially disadvantaged: 13 - Local inequalities, 14 - Fairness in the workplace: issues, opportunities, affirmative action and positive discrimination; PART FIVE - Issues and conclusions: 15 - The evolving agenda: issues, actions and conclusions.

Abstract: This book explores the responsibilities of industry and considers their evolution in the current economic, political and social climate from an international perspective. Focusing on the need for industry to be more accountable, it examines recent developments and highlights the practical implications and issues surrounding any responsive strategy. The author broadens the business ethics field and covers strategy, environmental management, legislation and the economic environment. Illustrated with a variety of national and international case studies, this text reviews the thinking on these topics and seeks to explore the ways in which they will develop.

Chappell, Tom. Soul of a business : managing for profit and the common good. New York: Bantam Books, 1993, 223 p.

Contents: Introduction ; I - Identity : 1 - Identifying values, 2 - Forging the mission, 3 - Living the mission, 4 - Building community: the power of storytelling; II - The quest for goodness : 5 - Co-creating and selling goodness, 6 - Inspiring and managing creativity, 7 - Intentional diversity: creating complex beauty; III - Integrating values, beliefs, and business : 8 - Autonomy: freedom in service, 9 - Managing-and competing-by the middle way, 10 - Working for the private and the common good.

Chernushenko, David. Greening our games : running sports events and facilities that won't cost the earth Ottawa: Centurion

Publishing, 1994. 282 p.

Contents: (Selected): Greening our games: why is it necessary? (The need for a green games ethic, Defining the principles of sustainable sport, Environmental management principles, Materials and waste management: cleaner is cheaper, Transportation: cut the traffic and breathe easier, Event and facility services, Case studies (Lillehammer, Sydney 2000), Facts and figures: quantifying the economic benefits (City of Etobicoke, Ontario, Anticipated benefits to Victoria of the 1994 Commonwealth Games), Codes of Practice (Environmental guidelines for Canadian golf clubs, CERES principles, Swiss Sports Association "Be fair to nature" codes of behavior, Water sports enthusiasts protect nature).

Abstract: First book to show sports decision makers how to reduce their environmental impact and pocket the savings through eco-efficiency.

Clugston, Richard M. "Learning to meet the environmental challenge." Earth Ethics (Summer 1995):p. 12-14.

Abstract: Discusses the Talloires Declaration, signed by 22 university presidents, and suggests a growing recognition that academic research, teaching, and service must address the environmental challenge. Outlines four examples of "leading institutes".

Code of environmental ethics and conduct. Hartland, NB: Falls Brook Centre, 1995. 1 p.

Notes: Produced by a multi-stakeholds group of Canadian national organizations, associations, and agencies and sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

Cohen, Marjorie Griffin. "Corporate responsibility must not be left to corporations."Policy Options 17 (December, 1996) :

p. 35-38.

Collins, Denis and John Barkdull. "Capitalism, environmentalism, and mediating structures: from Adam Smith to stakeholder panels."Environmental Ethics 17 (Fall 1995): p. 227-244.

Abstract: How can an environmental ethic be developed that encompasses the concerns of both free market proponents and environmentalists? In this article the authors approach the environment-market debate using Adam Smith's writings in the "The theory of moral sentiments", "The wealth of nations", and "Lectures on jurisprudence". Smith's guiding principle for solving prominent conflicts of self-interest is that government intervention is required when the economic activities of some cause harm to others. The solution that follows from Smith's analysis is a government-funded, independent, democratically controlled, and democratically accountable mediating structure that derives impartial decisions and is authorized to impose its just and fair decisions on affected parties. In practical terms, this analysis provides the ethical foundation for the wide-ranging development of stakeholder panels composed of public interest group representatives and business representatives and empowered to develop solutions to public conflicts arising out of environmental problems.

Commission on Global Governance. Our global neighbourhood. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press, 1995. 410 p.

Contents: (Selected): Military transformations (The arms trade, Rise in civil conflict, Widespread violence); Economic trends (Persistent poverty, Eastern Europe's experience, Private sector); Social and environmental change (Population, Global media, Agents of change in civil society, Empowerment of people); Values for the global neighbourhood (Global civic ethic, Combating corruption); Promoting security (Ending the threat of mass destruction: Eliminating nuclear weapons, The non-proliferation treaty, Chemical and biological weapons, Military spending, Arms transfers, Inculcating a culture of non-violence); Managing economic interdependence (Global decision making, Regionalism and informal multilateralism, An apex body: an Economic Security Council, Rules for trade and international competition : Trade and the WTO, Towards a strengthened multilateral trade regime; The IMF and global economic stability; Development assistance and the fight against poverty, Migration, Protecting the environment: Sustainable development and Agenda 21, Market instruments and the environment, The global commons, Principles of global environmental governance); Reforming the United Nations (Security Council, General Assemnbly, Trusteeship, Global civil society (Non governmental organizations, A people's assembly), Reforming UN economic and social operations, UNCTAD and UNIDO, Putting women at the centre; Strengthening the rule of law world-wide (The Security Council and the world court, Promoting international law); Call to action: Summary of Commission proposals.

Abstract: Deals with how the world has been transformed since 1945, making changes necessary in our governance arrangement. Recommends promoting security (including the security of people and the planet), for managing economic interdependence, for reforming the United Nations in ways that also offer a larger role to people through the organizations of international civil society and for extending on the global stage the rule of law.

Cooper, David E. and Joy A. Palmer. The environment in question : ethics and global issues. London: Routledge, 1992. 256 p.

Contents: (Selected): The problem of absolute poverty: what are our moral obligations to the destitute; The ethics of tourism; The dumping of radioactive waste in the deep ocean: scientific advice and ideological persuasion; The ocean environment: marine development, problems and pollution; Destruction of the rain forests: principles or practices? Environment and water resources in the arid zone; Air pollution-with special reference to acid rain, the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion; Challenges in environmental ethics; Responsibility, ethics and nature; Recovering the real meaning of sustainability; Technological risk: a budget of distinctions; Rethinking resources.

Cronon, William.(ed.). Uncommon ground : toward reinventing nature. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995. 561 p.

Abstract: This book contains a collection of original essays that examine the problems that flow from the viewpoint that severs human beings and human activities from their place in nature. The essays draw on evidence from many corners of our cultural landscape, from the parks of Frederick Law Olmsted to the cool confines of The Nature Company's stores, from the Amazon rain forest and the Garden of Eden to the virtual world of cyberspace. Together, they point toward new environmental values that affirm a responsible human place in nature.

Cunningham, A.B. Ethics, ethnobiological research, and biodiversity. Gland, CH: World Wide Fund for Nature International, 1993. 44 p.

Curtin, Deane. "Discussion paper : making peace with the earth : indigenous agriculture and the green revolution." Environmental Ethics 17 (Spring 1995): p. 59-73.

Daly, Herman E. and Kenneth N. Townsend (eds.). Valuing the earth : economics, ecology, ethics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. 387 p.

Contents: Ecology : ultimate means and biophysical constraints - Introduction (Daly, Townsend); Why isn't everyone as scared as we are (Ehrlich, Paul & Ehrlich, Anne); Availability, entropy, and the laws of thermodynamics (Ehrlich, Ehrlich, Holdren); The entropy law and the economic problem (Georgescu-Roegen); Selections from "Energy and Economic Myths" (Georgescu-Roegen); Exponential growth as a transient phenomenon in human history (Hubbert); The tragedy of the commons (Hardin); Second thoughts on "The tragedy of the commons" (Hardin). Ethics: the ultimate end and value constraints - Introduction (Daly, Townsend); The age of plenty : a Christian view (Schumacher); Buddhist economics (Schumacher); The purpose of wealth : a historical perspective (Smith); Ecology, ethics and theology (Cobb); The abolition of man (Lewis). Economics: interaction of ends and means - Introduction (Daly, Townsend); On economics as a life science (Daly); Sustainable growth: an impossibility theorem (Daly); Steady-state economics and the command economy (Townsend); The Economics of the coming spaceship earth (Boulding); Spaceship earth revisited (Boulding); Using economic incentives to maintain our environment (Tietenberg); The steady-state economy: toward a political economy of biophysical equilibrium and moral growth (Daly); Postscript - some common misunderstandings and further issues concerning a steady-state economy (Daly).

Daly, Herman. Beyond growth : the economics of sustainable development. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1996. 253 p.

Abstract: This book argues that the idea of sustainable development is being used in ways that are vacuous, wrong, and probably dangerous. It argues that solutions need to be far more radical than most people believe. Achieving sustainable development requires that we conceive of the economy as part of the ecosystem and, as a result, give up on the ideal of economic growth. We need a global understanding of developing welfare that does not entail expansion. These ideas are fundamentally radical concepts, and the author argues that basic ideas about economic theory, poverty, trade, and population have to be discarded or rethought.

Daly, Herman and John Cobb. For the common good : redirecting the economy toward community, the environment and a sustainable future. (2nd ed.) Boston: Beacon Press, 1994. 534 p.

Contents: Includes new afterword on money and finance, revised post Cold War chapter on international security, and updated index of sustainable economic welfare.

Desai, Meghnad and Paul Redfern (eds.). Global governance : ethics and economics of the world order. London: Pinter Publications Ltd., 1995. 230 p.

Contents: Introduction (Windsor); Global governance (Desai); Global economic governance: some thoughts on our current discontents (Patel); The provision and financing of universal public goods (Mendez); Governance and the global commons (Rayner); Measuring human rights (Redfern); Universal human rights in the multicultural world: reasons and excuses for and circumstances conducive to, their gross and systematic violation (Mullerson); Cultural dialogue in human rights (Windsor); Rights, rules and world order (Plant); World governance: a philosophical view (Hampshire).

Abstract: This publication contains a collection of papers that discuss global governance. Several papers focus on global governance in general (including the history of the concept), other papers consider the implications for economic development, the provision and financing of public goods, human rights, and the global commons.

DiSilvestro, Roger L. Reclaiming the last wild places : a new agenda for biodiversity. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons,

1993. 266 p.

Contents: This problem of protecting public lands; Biodiversity: saving wildness; The invention and overthrow of wilderness; Why federal protection?; The forest for the trees: national forests; Home, home on the range: public lands in the west; Lands without meaning: national wildlife refuges; Playgrounds for the people; New kids on the block: designated wilderness areas and national marine sanctuaries; The shattered cradle: fragmentation; Picking up the pieces: gap analysis and wildland corridors; Ethics, economics and ecosystems.

Abstract: Tracing the history of conservation and federal land management in America from the nineteenth century to the present, including portraits of such conservationist-heroes as John Muir, Aldo Leopold, and others, the author highlights the fundamental misconceptions, tactical errors, and fatal compromises that were made along the way. The author tries to offer answers to questions such as "where did we go wrong, and how must we reorient ourselves politically, scientifically and ethically if we are to salvage what is left of our wild places?" As a remedy, the author proposes an "applied biodiversity" approach which would concentrate efforts on protecting ecosystems rather than individual species or unique geological features. This approach would entail the use of various new techniques outlined in the book such as gap analysis, as well as the construction of wilderness corridors that would allow animals safe passage from one wilderness area to another. At the same time, strict legislative reforms are needed to reverse more than a century of mismanagement.

diZerega, Gus. "Individuality, human and natural communities, and the foundations of ethics." Environmental Ethics 17 (Spring 1995): p. 23-37.

Doherty, Brian and Marius deGeus (eds.) Democracy and green political thought : sustainability, rights and citizenship. European political science series. London, UK: Routledge, 1996. 246 p.

Contents: Introduction; Part I - The discourse of green movements: 1 - Paradoxes of community (Kenny), 2 - Green parties, nonviolence and political obligation (Doherty), 3 - Worker co-operatives and green political theory (Carter); Part II - Green politics and democratic theory: 4 - Must democrats be environmentalists? (Saward), 5 - Green democracy: the search for an ethical solution (Mills), 6 - Sustainability, political judgment and citizenship: connecting green politics and democracy (Barry), 7 - Democratising green theory: preconditions and principles (Dobson); Part III - The institutions of a green democracy: 8 - Ecological citizens and ecologically guided democracy (Christoff), 9 - Sustainability, community and democracy (Achterberg), 10 - The ecological restructuring of the state (Geus), 11 - Greening liberal democracy: the rights discourse revisited (Eckersley).

Abstract: This book examines the complex relationship between democracy and green politics. The authors examine the discourse of green movements concerning democracy, the status of democracy within green political thought, and the political institutions that might be necessary to ensure democracy in a sustainable society. The authors suggest that greens still have considerable work to do in fleshing out the weaker elements in their conceptions of democracy. In particular, representative institutions would still have an important role to play in any green democracy.

Dommen, Edward. How just is the market economy? Geneva: The Author, 1993. 21 p.

Contents: What the market is; The convenience of the market; Aspects of the market which raise ethical problems; Kinds of justice; Conclusion.

Abstract: The paper is intended to stimulate reflection on economic ethics in general by exploring the ethics of a particularly important part of the economy: the market.

Earth Council. The Earth Charter Consultation : A worldwide participatory process to define an operational value system to guide our behavior, relationships, and development efforts.

Abstract: This WWW site provides information relating to the public consultation process that is part of the Earth Charter's development. This information includes submitted comments as well as background information.

http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/value

Earth Ethics Research Group, Inc. Proceedings. New York: Earth Ethics Research Group, Inc., 1994. 392 p.

Conference: Ethical Dimensions of the United Nations Program on Environment and Development, Agenda 21 (1994 : New York)

Contents: Use value only? (Aiken); Ethical questions embedded in biodiversity provisions of Agenda 21 (Barahona); Judging the United Nations Agenda 21 industrial pollution prevention provisions: an ethical and policy analysis (Blomquist); Confronting environmental racism: waste trade and Agenda 21 (Bullard); The ethical concept of corporate environmental responsibility (Dion); Summary of remarks (Duchin); Ethics and Agenda 21: research on the values within sustainable development (Farrel); Seeing the environment through Islamic eyes (Hamed); Redefining wealth and progress (Henderson); The ethical implications of a global climate change - a Third World perspective (Heredia); Agenda 21 and the limits of technological rationality (Heyd); Understanding the rhetorical nature of science in the implementation of Agenda 21 (Junker) ; Sustainable development and imperialism: ethical reflections on Agenda 21 (Katz); Environmental decisions as human decisions: the appropriate role of science as revealed by looking at the atmosphere (Landen); Agenda 21 and protection of the atmosphere: the status of science (Lemons); Can economics provide an ethically-sensitive framework for environmental choices? (Meyer and Chilton); Biological diversity as habitat protection (O'Neil); Ethical questions embedded in water resource provisions of UN Agenda 21 (Ott); Free trade and sustainable development - the moral basis of Agenda 21 and its problems (Paden); A perspective on some emerging ethical dilemmas in water resources management (Priscoli); Agenda 21: biodiversity and responsible land use planning and management: economic, legal, scientific and ethical implications of modernist, post-modernist and universalist environmental philosophies (Quinn and Petrick); Environmental protection and an equitable international order: ethics after the Earth Summit (Rolston); Say what you mean! the undefined in Agenda 21 (Rothenberg); Biodiversity and Agenda 21: ethical considerations (Sagoff); Ethical questions embedded in the nuclear waste disposal provisions of Agenda 21 (Singh); Biodiversity and intellectual property rights: an ethical analysis (Traylor); The role of religion in forming an environmental ethics (Tucker); Ecofeminism and Agenda 21: a philosophical view on taking empirical data seriously (Warren); Who can save the Earth? Agenda 21 and professional expertise (Weir); Ethical issues in toxic waste export (Weiss); Ecosystem integrity and Agenda 21 science, sustainability and public policy (Westra).

Elgin, Duane and Coleen LeDrew. Global consciousness change : indicators of an emerging paradigm. San Anselmo, CA: Millennium Project. 1997. 38 p.

http://www.awakeningearth.org

Ericson, Rose. "Fairer Trade." Business Ethics (January/February, 1996) : 24-27. 3 p.

Ethiscan Canada Limited. "Ethics and the environment."Corporate Ethics Monitor, 6(3) : p. 33 - 48.

Fischer, Frank and Michael Black (eds.). Greening environmental policy : the politics of a sustainable future. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 221 p.

Abstract: This book shows the environmental crisis to be essentially a political-economic crisis. The pursuit of sustainability cannot proceed without significant changes in our economic enterprises, public institutions and personal lives. Reaching beyond the contradictions of sustainable development, the authors explore the kinds of political arrangements needed to throw open sustainability to wide-ranging debate, both national and international. They advance alternative environmental policymaking processes designed to forge a genuine political consensus around these questions, as well as institutional, cultural and behavioural strategies capable of translating it into effective policy solutions.

Fox, Warwick. Toward a transpersonal ecology. Dartington, GB: Green Books, 1995. 400 p.

Contents: Context: environmentalism, ecophilosophy, and anthropocentrism; The influence of deep ecology; The label "deep ecology": its meanings and shortcomings; Toward a transpersonal ecology: drawing out what is tenable and distinctive about the deep ecology approach to ecophilosophy.

Abstract: The author advances an argument concerning the nature of the deep ecology approach to ecophilosophy. His argument is presented within the context of a comprehensive overview of the writings on deep ecology.

Gaines, Susan. "Who are these ethics experts anyway ?" Business Ethics (March/April, 1996) : p. 26,28.

Gale, Fred and Michael M'Gonigle. "Corporate responsibility: yet another oxymoron?"Policy Options 17 (December, 1996) : p. 28-31.

Gladwin, Thomas N. et al. "Shifting paradigms for sustainable development : implications for management theory and reserch." Academy of Management Journal 20 (Oct. 1995) : p. 874-907.

Glaeser, Bernhard. Environment, development, agriculture : integrated policy through human ecology. Armonk, N.Y.: M E

Sharpe, 1995. 174 p.

Contents: Part 1 - A theoretical paradigm : 1 - An outline of human ecology, 2 - Applications for human ecology; Part 2 - Ethical-political dimensions : 3 - Environmental ethics: possibilities and limits, 4 - Environmental policy in Germany, Part 3 - Implementation : two examples : 5 - Environment and development in China: problems and policies; 6 - A human ecology approach to sustainable agricultural development: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Part 4 - Consequences for future thinking and action : 7 - Agrarian culture between conceptual reconstruction and empirics, 8 - Nature in crisis? A cultural misunderstanding.

Abstract: Using a human ecology approach this book presents a unified perspective on fields that are usually treated separately. It embraces not only a methodological framework for thinking and research but also the political, theoretical, and ethical dimensions so crucial to a true understanding of the relationship between human beings and the environment, not least in the developing world. The book focuses on philosophy and social science in human ecology, and includes case studies from Europe, China and India.

Goldsmith, Edward, et al. The future of progress : reflections on environment and development. Dartington, GB: Green Books, 1995. 256 p.

Contents: The future of progress (Norberg-Hodge and Goering); Development, trade and the environment: a Third World perspective (Khor); Globalism, biodiversity and the Third World (Shiva); Development fallacies (Goldsmith); The Philippines environmental crisis (Rosario-Santos); The pressure to modernize (Norberg-Hodge); The Third World: a crisis of development (Idris); The myth of the modern (Bizimana); The impact of modernization on indigenous people: the case of Sarawak (Hong); Inside nature (Kvaley); Liberation ecology (Hildyard); A village council of all beings: ecology, place and the awakening of compassion (Snyder); A sociological proposal to link north and south (Ribeiro and Wrenfelt); Paths to sustainability (Wiertsema); Biospheric ethics (Goldsmith); Globalization vs. community (Norberg-Hodge); Norwegians against the common market (NOFF); Alternatives to monculture: a bioregional perspective (Mills); The Ladkh project: active steps towards a sustainable future (Page); Grassroots development in the Aravali (Singh); The greening of Sweden (Fritz); Global perspectives on local action: notes from Stocken, Sweden (Friholt).

Abstract: The contributors challenge the assumption that "west is best" and therefore the very foundations of modern development. The imposition around the world of a single industrial monoculture will, they argue inevitably lead to increasing social and environmental breakdown. Only by respecting cultural and biological diversity can we move towards truly sustainable and equitable patterns of living.

Goodland, Robert. Ethical priorities in environmentally sustainable energy systems : the case of tropical hydropower. World Bank Environment Department working paper no.67. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993. 26 p.

Goodland, Robert. Tropical deforestation : solutions, ethics and religions. World Bank Environment Department working paper no.43. Washington: World Bank, 1991. 57 p.

Gottlieb, Robert. "Revisioning environmentalism." Earth Ethics (Summer 1995): p. 8-11.

Abstract: Environmentalism is a complex of social movements with distinct roots. It has become something of a truism for both analysts and advocates that environmentalism has a particular divide. In this divide, a contemporary environmentalism emerges to address questions of environmental pollution, as well as questions of resource use and protection of species and natural environments. This can then be contrasted with pre-1970 movements that were more exclusively associated with efforts to protect or manage the natural environment.

Gudynas, Eduardo. The search for an ethic of sustainable development in Latin America. London, UK: Belhaven Press, 1990. 10p.

Abstract: Latin America is a region of the world where the close relationship between predatory natural resource and development strategies is very clear. It is also a place where many of the oldest and some of the newest ideas which link ethical and environmental concerns are being developed. Latin America is illustrative of the failure of these ideas to take hold in the modern consciousness, but its failures signal the steps which must be taken in order to develop a new ethical understanding of sustainable development.

Hallman, David G. A place in creation : ecological visions in science, religion, and economics. Toronto: United Church Publishing House, 1992. 233 p.

Contents: The ecological crisis; Science: from reductionism to wholeness; Religion: from dominion to respect; Economics: from exploitation to sustainability; Political challenges: identifying and confronting the obstacles; Concluding thoughts: from despair to hope.

Abstract: Hallman explores new concepts in the fields of science, religion, and economics which he hopes will have the power to transform our understanding of our relationship to the rest of Creation. He also discusses how intrinsically connected humans are to the whole ecosystem; how God wills a harmonious relationship between ourselves and the rest of creation; and how our economy could be restructured to function in a less destructive relationship with the environment. Finally, he assesses political realities that could constrain or facilitate movement towards a more sustainable type of society.

Hansen, Stein, Jan Hesselberg and Helge Hveem (eds.). International trade regulation, national development strategies and the environment : towards sustainable development? Occasional papers from SUM; 2. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo. Centre for Development and the Environment, 1996. 434 p.

Contents: (Selected) PART I : Ethics, epistemology and the environment: focus on economy and philosophy: Introduction, The use of cost-benefit analysis to decide environmental policy - a dead end? (Westkog), Strategy and ethics in international negotiations on environmental questions (Hylland), Ethics and environmental decision-making (Moestad), Diminishing returns and economic sustainability: the dilemma of resource-based economies under a free trade regime (Reinert); PART II - Public agents and the environment: focus on intergovernmental organisations: Introduction, Trade and environment in the OECD: the 1995 report to ministers and future work (Andrew), The role of international organisations in local and global development (Arda), The World Trade Organisation. Rules of the road for trade (Sivertsen), The use of trade measures to address environmental concerns and the effect of their use on development (Shaw), Environmental policies and multilateral development assistance: the case of the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank (Boas), International trade and the environment: product requirements and market access for developing countries (Martin), The World Trade Organisation and international environmental agreements (Fauchald); PART III - Private agents and the environment: focus on TNCs, locational and local perspectives: Introduction, Polluting industries - "industrial flight" or "locational shift" (Knutsen), The pollution haven hypothesis - some perspectives on theory and empirics (Jensen), Theories of transnational corporations, environment and development - a review of four dominant perspectives (Hansen), The interface between trade and bioeconomics (Schulz), Trade and the environment - the role of transport costs (Torgersen), Controversy or mutual support? Challenges and opportunities in the trade and environment interface (Baumann).

Abstract: This volume considers the relationships between economics development strategies, international trade and the environment. It contains a collection of most of the written contributions to the conference of the same name that was held at the University of Oslo on the 5th and 6th of October 1995. The authors are from a variety of different disciplines ranging from business to economics to law. Contributions to the volume fall under three broad themes: Ethics, epistemology and the environment: focus on economy and philosophy; Public agents and the environment: focus on intergovernmental organization; Private agents and the environment: focus on transnational corporations (TNCs), locational and local perspectives.

Hanson, Arthur J. Ethics and sustainable development : speech to the Earth Day gathering, University of Winnipeg, 25 April 1992. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1992. 4 p.

Hardin, Garrett and John Baden. Managing the commons. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1977. 294 p.

Contents: Preface: The evolution of cultural norms; Part I - Discovering the commons: 1 - What Marx missed (Harding), 2 - On the checks to population (Lloyd), 3 - The tragedy of the commons (Hardin), 4 - Intuition first, then rigor (Hardin), 5 - An algebraic theory of the commons (Muhsam), 6 - A model of the commons (Anderson); Part II: The growing awareness: 7 - Denial and disguise (Hardin), 8 - The tragedy of the commons revisited (Crowe), 9 - An operational analysis of "Responsibility" (Hardin), 10 - Killing the goose (Fife), 11 - The economics of overexploitation (Clark), 12 - A test of the tragedy of the commons (Wilson), 13 - Ethical implications of carrying capacity (Hardin), 14 - Rewards of pejoristic thinking (Hardin); Part III - Grappling with the commons: 15 - A primer for the management of common pool resources (Baden), 16 - The social costs of reducing social cost (Tullock), 17 - A theory for institutional analysis of common pool problems (Ostrom,Ostrom), 18 - Collective action and the tragedy of the commons (Ostrom), 19 - Communes and the logic of the commons and the logic of the commons (Bullock, Baden), 20 - From free grass to fences: Transforming the commons of the American west (Anderson, Hill), 21 - Environmental resource management: Public or private? (Bish), 22 - Property rights, environmental quality, and the management of national forests (Baden, Stroup), 23 - Neospartan hedonists, aduly toy aficionados, and the rationing of public lands (Baden), 24 - Population, ethnicity, and public goods: The logic of interest-group strategy (Baden), 25 - Living on a lifeboat (Hardin), 26 - Commons and community: The idea of a public (Boulding).

Abstract: Ths anthology of readings explores the implications of "The tragedy of the commons" for modern society. The readings trace the development of the concept of the commons and focus on ways in which the potentially destructive cultural norm of independence of individual action may be changed to promote continued human welfare and survival.

Harremoes, Poul. "Dilemmas in ethics: towards a sustainable society." Ambio 25 (Sept. 6, 1996): p. 390-395.

Abstract: Sustainable development requires significant changes to philosophical and religious attitudes. The western world needs ecocentric awareness and changing attitudes to mass transport, utilization and release. The developing world will experience pressures on water and the environment from population growth and from demands for better material welfare in mutual conflict.

Hartley, Troy W. "Environmental justice: an environmental civil rights value acceptable to all world views." Environmental Ethics 17 (Fall 1995): p. 277-289.

Abstract: In accordance with environmental injustice, sometimes called environmental racism, minority communities are disproportionately subjected to a higher level of environmental risk than other segments of society. Growing concern over unequal environmental risk and mounting evidence of both racial and economic injustices have led to a grass-roots civil rights campaign called the environmental justice movement. The environmental ethics aspects of environmental injustice challenge narrow utilitarian views and promote Kantian rights and obligations. Nevertheless, an environmental justice value exists in all ethical world views, although it involves a concept of equitable distribution of environmental protection that has been lacking in environmental ethics discussion.

Hayakawa, Ellen. "Human spirituality in the workplace and its relationship to responsible environmental decision-making." Human and ecological risk assessment 1 (4, 1995): 416-422. 7 p.

Hayward, Tim. Ecological thought : an introduction. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1995. 280 p.

Contents: (Selected) Introduction: environmental values in social and political thought; 1 - Ecology and enlightenment: Enlightenment and the rational domination of nature, Ecological thought: epistemology, ontology, and values, Ecological critique, Conclusion; 2 - The ethics of ecological humanism : Environmentalism and enlightened self-interest, Ecological anti-humanism, The meaning of ecological humanism, Conclusion; 3 - Environmental economics, sustainable development and political ecology : Environmental economics, Ecology into economics won't go, From political economy to political ecology, Conclusion; 4 - Rights and justice in ecological perspective: The liberal tradition as a basis of rights and equity, futurity, and environment, Ecological challenges to human rights, Rights and responsibilities, Conclusion; 5 - Ecological politics : The environmental dimension of emancipatory politics, Ecologism as a political ideology, Towards a green political theory: radical democracy, ecology, and concrete utopia, conclusion.

Abstract: This book offers an introduction to the implications of ecology for social and political thought. The book surveys a range of debates about values in nature, the meaning of sustainable development, and such questions as whether human rights are compatible with ecological responsibilities. Sensitive throughout to the social dimension of ecological problems it also develops a theoretical framework for ecological politics. The author discusses various proposed responses to environmental damage that range from the use of scientific reason to the radical transformation of the whole trajectory of development of modern societies. In analyzing the competing arguments, the author shows that the radical claims of ecological thought must be taken seriously, and that a nonexploitive attitude is consistent with a continued commitment to enlightenment values such as democracy, human rights and the pursuit of knowledge.

Helson, Joan. The ethical shopper's guide to Canadian supermarket products. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 1992. 285 p.

Contents: Who makes the products you buy? How do they rate on: environmental management and performance, women's issues, creating jobs in Canada, charitable giving and community involvement, staff policies, labour relations, candour, management practices and consumer relations.

Abstract: This book measures the performance of Canada's leading grocery and consumer products companies under nine headings: candor, women's issues, charitable giving and community involvement, progressive staff policies, labour relations, environmental management, environmental performance, management practices and consumer relations, and Canadian content. These headings were chosen because of the strong consensus that these are the key issues in corporate social responsibility today. These issues are described and companies are ranked collectively by name and within each product area by name. Company profiles detail the reasoning behind the rankings. Final sections of the book discuss various methods and organizations that can assist consumers in influencing companies.

Hemple, Lamont C. Environmental governance : the global challenge. Washington: Island Press, 1996. 291 p.

Contents: 1 - Between two centuries; 2 - Earth summit or abyss?; 3 - Causes of environmental destruction; 4 - Global warming: the changing climate in science and politics; 5 - The environmental policy-making process; 6 - Political ecology; 7 - Political economy; 8 - An ethical framework for global action; 9 - Cornucopians, catastrophists, and optimizers.

Abstract: This book is concerned with redesigning institutions and policies to promote sustainable communities. The author argues that for political institutions to cope successfully with growing biospheric crises, they must become "glocal" in design and operation, with environmental authority redistributed to both supranational entities and local communities. Using political theory, applied policy analysis and case studies, the author explains how major and sustainable improvements in the quality of life will require significant but achievable innovations. Changes such as "green" technologies, human population stabilization, and the widespread adoption of ecologically based values and ecologically compatible lifestyles will all be necessary in the coming decades. These changes are unlikely to succeed without a redesign of political institutions and policies.

Henderson, Hazel. Paradigms in progress : life beyond economics. Indianapolis, IN: Knowledge Systems, 1991. 293 p.

Contents: Prelude: Pecos River mediation; Introduction; 1 - Riding the tiger of change, 2 - Living Earth's lessons co-creatively, 3 - From economism to Earth ethics and systems theory, 4 - Beyond GNP; Interlude: Ode to the life force; 5 - Beyond the battle of the sexes, 6 - The indicators crisis, 7 - Greening the economy and recycling economics, 8 - Toward a new world order, 9 - The age of light; Postlude: Cosmic economics.

Hoffman, W. Michael. (ed. et al) The ethics of accounting and finance : trust, responsibility, and control. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1996. 229 p.

Conference: National Conference on Business Ethics (10th : 1994 : Bentley College).

Abstract: This volume contains edited and revised papers from the Tenth Annual Conference on Business Ethics. Contributors emphasize the ethical dimensions of problems and issues that confront the financial services and accounting industries, as well as business in general. Part I examines the ethics of the fiduciary relationship between principles and agents, defining the nature of trust and helping readers understand the fiduciary responsibility and conflicts of interest characteristic to the industry. Part II looks at specific issues in ethics and financial disclosure, with particular focus on nonprofit healthcare organizations, financial derivatives, and confidentiality in a professional context as representative cases. Part III examines a variety of situations and events, such as the BCCI affair and the failure of banks. Part IV offers lessons form the past and a look toward the future, with such topics as the ethics of financial derivatives in the history of economic thought and the development of moral reasoning and professional judgment of auditors in public practice.

Howarth, J.M. " The crisis of ecology : a phenomenological perspective." Environmental Values 4 (1995): p. 17-30.

Abstract: If we are to act properly with regard to the natural world, to protect, preserve, conserve, manage or leave it alone, we need both appropriate knowledge of that world, and a sound foundation for values to guide our actions. The thesis of this paper is that scientific ecology, though some of its interpreters claim it as a "post-modern" eco-friendly science, in fact, while perhaps not as guilty as other of its post-modern interpreters might claim of the worst excesses of "modernism', nonetheless does retain the underlying assumptions of modernism. the thesis will be supported by methods drawn from phenomenology. phenomenological enquiry can reveal and criticise the modernist assumptions, while traditional phenomenological notions, in particular Heidegger's notion of Dwelling and Merleau-Ponty's notion of the body subject, I shall suggest, might form a more eco-friendly framework for enquiring into the character of interactions within the natural world and the basis of values in those interactions.

Johnson, Lawrence E. A morally deep world : an essay on moral significance and environmental ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 301 p.

Abstract: Argues that species, ecosystems and the biosphere are holistic entities in their own right and are morally significant beings in the non-human world. Such reasoning suggests that society should not only maintain the interests of humans but should also have a moral obligation to protect plants, species and ecosystems as a whole.

Jordan, Carl F. Conservation : replacing quantity with quality as a goal for global management. New York: John Wiley, 1995. 340 p.

Contents: 1 - Conservation history; 2 - Environmental trends; 3 - Environmental ethics; 4 - Ecological economics; 5 - Policies for conservation; 6 - Management of natural resources; 7 - Preservation of biodiversity; 8 - Culture; Conclusion.

Abstract: This volume provides a multi-disciplinary introduction to conservation. Starting out by providing the history of conservation the author brings the discussion to the present day by looking at recent environmental trends. The ethical and ecological economics perspectives on conservation are described. Policies for conservation at both the national and international level are discussed by the author. The management of natural resources and their sustainability are examined. The preservation of biodiversity and the impact of culture on the practice of conservation complete the book.

Kellert, Stephen R. The value of life : biological diversity and human society. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996. 263 p.

Contents: PART ONE - Universals: 1 - Introduction, 2 - Values; PART TWO - Variations: 3 - American Society, 4 - Activities, 5 - Species, 6 - Culture; PART THREE - Applications: 7 - Endangered species, 8 - Conserving biological diversity, 9 - Education and ethics.

Abstract: This book argues that a fundamental linkage exists between human well-being and the preservation of biodiversity. The author identifies ten basic values that he describes as biologically based, inherent human tendencies that are greatly influenced and moderated by culture, learning, and experience. Drawing on original research he considers: the universal basis for how humans value nature; differences in those values by gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, and geographic location; how environment-related activities affect values; variation in values relating to different species; how values vary across cultures; policy and management implications.

Kidder, Rushworth M. Reinventing the future : global goals for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 194 p.

Notes: Based on report of 1987 conference: Agenda 2000, reasonable goals, convened by the Christian Science Monitor.

Kohler, Gernot. "The three meanings of global apartheid : empirical, normative, existential." Alternatives 20 (1995): p. 403-413.

Abstract: Political concepts can have alternative meanings, depending on the type of discourse in which they are employed. Global apartheid is a political concept that can assume three meanings. The purpose of this paper is to explore these meanings.

Kothari, Rajni. Poverty : human consciousness and the amnesia of development. London: Zed Books, 1995. 192 p.

Contents: Preface; Overview; Global setting; Political system and the poor; Emerging class ethos; Cultural terrain; Environment and poverty; Reorientating development; Social policy; Ethical imperatives.

Abstract: This essay explores the meanings of poverty in its economic, social and political aspects and analyses the role the state and the market play, both nationally and internationally, in the deepening of poverty. The author also examines the phenomenon of disempowerment of the poor and the relationships between environment and development, development and poverty, between the environment and poverty, and the further connections to human rights. This book attempts to convince our generation of the social and ethical necessity to refashion our understanding of poverty and to reverse current tendencies towards immiseration. The author argues for a debureaucratization of society's response, in a context of moving towards a just society based on alternative development and a comprehensively democratic social environment in which the poor have a role in governance.

Lambert, Richard J. "Evoking ecological awareness : a path into the future." Population and Environment 17 (September 1995) : p. 89-96.

Abstract: Thomas Berry's three sentence summary of the twentieth century is employed as a point of departure for evoking a mighty awakening into an ecological consciousness which fosters a mutually enhancing human/Earth relationship. Drawing upon and evocatory process, with emphasis upon storytelling, the author operationalizes such an awakening by accessing five stages of personal change, development and growth.

Lassonde, Louise. Coping with population challenges. London, UK: Earthscan, 1997. 173 p.

Contents: Introduction: A new perspective; 1 - Points of reference; 2 - A life of quality; 3 - Population and development; 4 - The gaps in the programme of action; 5 - Practical measures; 6 - Review of the international negotiations; 7 - Coping with the challenges facing us; Conclusion: Population as an ethical issue.

Abstract: This volume addresses the problem of how to provide a sustainable future for the predicted ten billion individuals expected on Earth by the year 2050. The author addresses these issues in the context of international debate and agreements since the first World Population Plan of Action in 1974 to the 20-year Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994. The author describes how the Programme of Action focalizes on women's issues, reproductive choice and the notion of the individual. However, she identifies a number of important but neglected areas of the debate that the Programme failed to address and brings to light some of the inconsistencies that need to be resolved if the Programme is to be implemented. The author also looks at the underlying ethical dimension of all choices relating to the population issue and suggests measures and machinery for giving effect to states' commitments, including reformulating problems and defining the appropriate economic framework for solutions.

Layard, Nora and Loralee Delbrouck (eds.). Stewardship 94 (ninety-four) proceedings : a symposium on the voluntary conservation of nature on private land & revisiting the land ethic. The stewardship series. Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands & Parks, 1994. 151 p.

Contents: (Selected) Summary of symposium findings; Keynote address: "At home in the world" (Rowe); Setting the stage for stewardship: Why a new land ethic? (Rees), The foundation of private land stewardship in Canada (Caza), Community sustainability - are we ready for change (Leach), Contributions of private lands to sustaining biological diversity (Binkley); Land - a mosaic of perspectives: An agricultural perspective (Roddick), Developing sustainability - loving the earth as if it really mattered! (Plant), Including nature in development - bioengineering at Furry Creek (Aaron); From the ground up! Communities and corporations embracing sustainable land stewardship: A community-based program of voluntary private land stewardship in Muskoka, Ontario, Corporate forestry on private lands in Nova Scotia (MacLellan), Operation burrowing owl - a communication plan (Schroeder), Community support programs (Hilts); Panel A - revisiting the land ethic: The land ethic - historic world views (Leeuw), Ecological footprints - can we learn to tread lightly? (Rees), Wildlife and private lands (Halleran); Panel B : Private and first nations land stewardship in B.C.: Municipal experiences (Bose), The first nations of the South Okanagan-Similkameen environmental protection society (Louie), Cowichan/chemainus stewardship pilot project (Doane), Stewardship on Galiano Island (Wilkinson); Barriers to a sustainable land ethic: Strategic lawsuits against public participation (McDade), The land ethic and its obstacles (Heyd); Paths to the future: Stewardship as caring (Kool), Planning education programs to accompany stewardship projects (Brown); Case study - Fraser River and Delta: The sustainability dilemna - what are the choices (Rees), Planning toward sustainability: reducing our ecological footprint while improving our quality of life (Wackernagel), Decision analysis - a tool for better decisions about complex sustainability challenges (McDaniels), Suggestions for action from workshop participants; Mobilizing communities: The Brant festival (Dawe), The LandOwner Resource Centre (Fortune); Community land trusts: Delta farmland and wildlife trust (Rogers), Can a community choose its future (Millard); Resources in action: Public involvement the Salmonid enhancement program way (Lawseth), Information for conservation: Protecting private land (Andrews); Identification of habitat on private land: Working with naturalists (Purdy), Case study: South Okanagan Conservation Strategy (Austen), Managing for nature - identification of habitat on private land (Hlady); Stewardship How-To's: The landowner in a stewardship program (Slater), Landowner contact programs (Hilts); Municipal planning experiences: Creating a green zone for Vancouver (Knight), City of Richmond: experiences with environmentally-sensitive areas by-laws (Brownlee), Delta planning experiences (LeMaistre); Conservation options for development: Greenways for nature (Reid), Striving for environmental stewardship (Paddon); Private forest lands: Corporate lands - applying stewardship principles (Purdy), Small-scale private land forestry and conservation (Hopwood), Stewardship on private forest lands in Nova Scotia (Melanson, MacLellan); An agricultural perspective: stewardship from the ground up : A landowner's perspective (Guichon), Incentives for agriculture and wildlife partnerships - Greenfields Project Delta B.C. (Duynstee), An example of farmland stewardship in the Comox Valley, B.C. (Wareham); Introduction to tools for conservation: Here Today, Here Tomorrow: legal tools for the voluntary protection of private land in British Columbia (Findlay, Hillyer); Taxation and financial incentives: Tax options for conservation (Denhez), Financial instruments for conserving private land - some observations form the U.S. experience (Meyer); Public presentation: our own backyards - enjoying and protecting nature: Beginning in our own backyard (Merilees), The youth perspective (Dick), Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Backyard Wildlife Sanctuary Program and Urban Wildlife Project (Link), Land for nature - tools for preserving green space (Loukidelis); Final Plenary - Into the future : Introductory comments (Sandborn); Closing luncheon - special celebration of Wildlife Habitat Canada's 10th anniversary : A message from the Federal Government (Martell), A message from the Provincial Government (Cashore), Wildlife Habitat Canada (Romaniuk), Small is Beautiful (Bateman).

Abstract: Proceedings of a workshop that considered voluntary natural resource and habitat conservation on private lands.

Lusby, Linda A. Consumer decision making in a global context. (s.l.): The authors, 1992. 74 p.

Contents: 1 - Introduction; 2 - Theoretical framework; 3 - Ethics in consumer decision making; 4 - The decision maker from a macroscopic perspective; 5 - The consumer decision in a global context; 6 - The global approach to consumer education; Appendix A : Resource list; Appendix B : Models.

Abstract: This paper discusses the rationale for the development of a global approach for consumer studies. The concept of consumer ethics is introduced and discussed and the consumer decision making process is placed within an ecosystem perspective of the marketplace. The author develops a model which introduces educators, marketers, and consumers to a more global perspective from which they can consider consumer decisions. This model has as its starting point the commodity, product, or service under consideration and the questions emanating from it raise such issues as the environmental, social, political, economic, and health related factors which are part of the product's (etc.) production, distribution, use, and disposal. An extensive list of resources are provided to facilitate the introduction of the developed model.

Malley, Diane R. "Raising consciousness in ecosystem health." Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 2 (1993) : p. 317-327.

McDonough, William. A centennial sermon - design, ecology, ethics and the making of things. New York, NY: The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, 1993. 23 p.

Note: Adaptation of the sermon by Paul Hawken and William McDonough.

McNeely, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Expanding partnerships in conservation. Washington: Island Press. 1995. 302 p

Contents: 1 - Partnerships for conservation: an introduction (McNeely); Part I - Principles of partnerships: 2 - New partners in conservation: how to expand public support for protected areas (Munro), 3 - How to build local support for protected areas (Lusigi), 4 - Protection of the Earth's environment and corporate ethics for the future, 5 - Institutional options for managing protected areas (Barborak), 6 - Bringing in the law: legal strategies for integrating habitat conservation into land use planning and management, 7 - Social science and protected area management: the principles of partnership (Machlis), 8 - Biosphere reserves: a comprehensive approach (Droste); Part II - Partnerships with major sectors: 9 - Forestry and protected areas: a natural partnership (Freezailah), 10 - Medicinal plants and protected areas (Akerele), 11 - The evolution of zoos, aquaria, and botanic gardens in relation to protected areas, 12 - Fisheries and protected areas (Kapetsky, Bartley), 13 - Protected areas and the hydrologic cycle (Dugan, Maltby), 14 - Protected areas as a protection against natural hazards (Bender), 15 - Protected areas and the tourism industry (Selengut), 16 - Energy exploitation and protected areas (Syratt), 17 - Protected areas as investments (El-Ashray), 18 - How to involve women in protected area issues (Astolfi), 19 - Redefining national security: the military and protected areas (D'souza); Part III - Partnerships with communities: 20 - No park is an island, 21 - Protected areas and the private sector: building NGO relationships (Norris, Camposbasso), 22 - Innovative partners: the value of nongovernment organizations in establishing and managing protected areas (Lees), 23 - Lessons from 35 years of private preserve management in the USA: the preserve system of the nature conservancy (Murray), 24 - Partnerships between rural people and protected areas: understanding land use and natural resource decisions (Schelhas, Shaw), 25 - Working with people who live in protected areas (Dower), 26 - People and their participation: new approaches to resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation (Gurung), 27 - Aboriginal societies, tourism, and conservation: the case of Canada's Northwest Territories (Seale), 28 - Stewardship: landowners as partners in conservation (Cox), 29 - The South African natural heritage program: a new partnership among government, landowners,, and the business sector (Cohen), 30 - Agreements between conservation agencies and tribal neighbors in South Africa (Anderson), 31 - Communities, parks, and regional planning: a co-management strategy based on the Zimbabwean experience (Metcalfe), 32 - Neighbors as partners of protected areas (Snelson).

Abstract: This book contains a series of papers that were presented and revised following the Fourth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas held in Caracas, Venezuela February 10-21, 1992. The papers discuss how new and stronger partnerships can be formed as part of the formation and management of protected areas. The book describes the different types of activities that are being pursued to build partnerships at the international, national, and local level.

Meffe, Gary K and Ronald C. Carroll (eds.). Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc., 1994. 600 p.

Contents: What is conservation biology?; Conservation values and ethics; Global biodiversity I: patterns and processes; Global biodiversity II: losses; Genetics: conservation of diversity within species; Demographic processes: population dynamics on heterogeneous landscapes; Community-level conservation: species interactions, disturbance regimes, and invading species; Habitat fragmentation; The design of conservation reserves; Practical applications and human concerns; Management to meet conservation goals: applications; Conservation management case studies; Ecological restoration; Ecology, politics and economics: finding the common ground for decision-making in conservation; The role of institutions and policy-making in conservation; Sustainable development case studies; Meeting conservation goals in an uncertain future.

Abstract: The book has four parts. Part I introduces the philosophical, ethical and biological framework upon which all conservation must be built. Part II presents chapters on population level. Part III focuses on system-wide issues. The implication so species interactions and community influence on conservation are discussed by examining the keystone species concept, mutualistic interactions, and the effects of invasive species on communities. Part IV builds on the foundation of the previous parts, and addresses practical applications and human concerns in conservation.

Nakano, Yoshiko Y. Miraculous life chain : the essence of evolution from the universe to mankind. Deddington, GB: Helix Editions Ltd., 1994. 102 p.

Contents: (Selected): Universe as the origin of life; Human life is the art of God; Roots of the Japanese outlook; Truth of life chain and cycle; New earth ethics.

Abstract: Argues that the Life Chain linkage connects everything within the universe, and that there is a need for a new earth ethics which will give priority to the whole, rather than to individuals who achieve confrontation instead of harmony.

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Religion and the order of nature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Nath, Bhaskar, Luc Hens, and Dimitri DeVuyst (eds.). Textbook on sustainable development. Brussels: VUB University Press, 1996. 365 p.

Abstract: This textbook follows a three-way approach to presenting the concept of sustainability and related issues. First, the conceptual origin and evolution of sustainability in relation to the environment and development, including germane ethical and philosophical aspects. Secondly, how to deal with methodological problems, which arise in the implementation of sustainable development. And thirdly, convergence of the different interpretations of sustainability, as perceived by the different target groups. This book tries to answer a number of key questions, such as: how did the word "sustainability" emerge and acquire such prominence in the environmental vocabulary? How do we measure sustainability at different levels? How can sustainable development be practiced in business, industry, agriculture, community planning etc.? What are the obstacles to the realization of sustainable development on a global scale? Are present international trade and aid arrangements and structures suitable for the realization of sustainable development, also on a global scale? etc. Viewpoints of some specific target groups defined in Agenda 21, namely international organisations, women, children, indigenous people, are not included in this book. Neither are there chapters on underlying mechanisms of sustainable development such as consumption patterns, poverty alleviation, economic dynamics, etc.

National Academy of Sciences and The World Bank. Effective financing of environmentally sustainable development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995. Various pagings.

Notes: Includes the reports from associated events (no.'s 54 - 58)

Conference: Annual World Bank conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development (3rd : 1995 : Washington, DC)

Contents: Selected n. 53 Ethics and spiritual values and the promotion of environmentally sustainable development (Conference folder): n.54 Ethics and spiritual values : promoting environmentally sustainable development (Serageldin, Barrett).

Abstract: This conference had three primary objectives: to examine the role of values and beliefs in development; to identify those values and beliefs that contribute to sound and sustainable improvements in the quality of life and environment; and to generate a consensus around the critical ethical issues affecting development. A holistic approach to development is explored that addresses social, environmental, and economic issues.

North American Regional Consultation on Sustainable Livelihoods. "Principles of sustainable livelihoods." Earth Ethics (Spring, 1995) : p. 12-13.

O'Neill, John. Ecology, policy and politics : human well-being and the natural world. Environmental philosophies. London: Routledge, 1993. 227 p.

Contents: Future generations and the harms we do ourselves; The constituency of environmental policy; Justifying cost-benefit analysis: arguments from welfare; Pluralism, Liberalism and the good life; Pluralism, incommensurability, judgment; Authority, democracy and the environment; Science, policy and environmental value; Market, household and politics.

Abstract: Develops an Aristotelian account of welfare that reveals the relationship between the good of non-humans and future generations and our own well-being, and shows how welfare and liberal justifications of market-based approaches to environmental policy fail.

Pearce, David. Blueprint two (2) : greening the world economy. Toronto: Earthscan Canada, 1991. 232 p.

Contents: The global commons; Global warming: the economics of a carbon tax; Global warming: the economics of tradable permits; Economics and the ozone layer; Environmental degradation in the Third World; Population growth; Tropical deforestation; Environmentally sensitive aid; Conserving biological diversity; Environment, economics, and ethics.

Peterson, Wayne. "Spiritual unfoldment at the World Bank : an interview with Richard Barrett". Share International Magazine. (Dec. 1995).

http://www.shareintl.org/worldbnk.html

Porter, George. "An ethical basis for achieving global human security." Development (March 1995): p. 56-59.

Abstract: The author presents his vision for a world based on global human security.

Postel, Sandra. Last oasis : facing water scarcity. Worldwatch environmental alert series. Washington, DC: Worldwatch, 1993. 239 p.

Contents: (Selected): Living within water's limits (Thrifty irrigation, Small-scale solutions, Wastewater no more, Industrial recycling, Conserving in cities); Toward water security (Pricing, markets and regulations, A water ethic).

Abstract: Examines the ecological, economic and political limits of water and how new technologies and knowledge already exist to conserve and use water more efficiently.

Roche, Douglas. A bargain for humanity : global security by 2000. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta Press, 1993. 189 p.

Abstract: This book examines global security through a discussion of militarism, human development, and environmental degradation. The author outlines the evolution of militarism to the present emphasis on peacemaking and peace-keeping. The evolution of Canada's policy and involvement receives particular attention. The Earth Summit is discussed in the context of an evolving human world order, with the summit as a first stept towards global planetary management. This discussion is followed by consideration of the UN and the evolving nature of UN reform. The author focuses on education and leadership as obstacles to change. Extending education to greater numbers of people, as well as to Women while also broadening the education approach to achieve sustainable development is suggested. Leadership is discussed, with leaders classified as either transforming or transactional, and transforming leadership found primarily in new coalitions of activists. The author concludes by describing that what is required is a "bargain for humanity" in the form of a covenant, where the integrated agenda for global security, comprising massive disarmament, economic development for all, and environmental protection, must be addressed in an integrated manner by all countries.

Rockefeller, Steven C. Principles of environmental conservation and sustainable development : summary and survey. San Jose, Costa Rica: Earth Charter Project, Earth Council, 1996. 152 p.

Contents: (Selected) Introduction; Evolving legal principles for sustainable development (Robinson); Part one: summary of principles; Part two: survey of principles; Appendix I - General principles (Part I) of the World Charter for Nature (1982); Appendix II - Tokyo declaration of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987); and General Principles, Rights, and Responsibilities (Part I) of Summary of Proposed Legal Principles for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development adopted by the WCED Experts Groups on Environmental Law (1987); Appendix III - Principles of a Sustainable Society as presented in Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living, IUCN, UNEP, WWF (1991); Appendix IV - Fundamental Principles (Part II) and General Obligations (Part III) of Draft Covenant on Environment and Development (1995) prepared by the Commission on Environmental Law of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); Appendix V - Proposed Benchmark Principles of Sustainable Development prepared for an Expert Group Meeting on Identification of Principles in International Law for Sustainable Development, Geneva, 26-28 September 1995; Appendix VI - Selected NGO treaties produced by the International NGO Forum, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.

Abstract: This publication provides both a summary overview and a survey of principles of environmental conservation and sustainable development. The intent of the document is to identify the core values and principles that should be considered for inclusion in an Earth Charter.

Rockefeller, Steven C. and John C. Elder (eds.). Spirit and nature : why the environment is a religious issue : an interfaith dialogue. Boston: Beacon, 1992. 226 p.

Ross, Andrew. The Chicago gangster theory of life : nature's debt to society. London: Verso Press, 1994. 308 p

Contents: Introduction; 1 - Cultural preservation in the Polynesia of the latter-day saints; 2 - Bombing of the big apple; 3 - The ecology of images; 4 - Wet, dark, and low, eco-man evolves from eco-woman; 5 - Superbiology.

Abstract: This book discusses the forces that influence peoples perception of the environment. Working from the premise that ideas have an active impact on our environments, the author, shows what happens when ideas about nature are put into practice. The source for these ideas may be, for example, science, the media, or folk culture. Each chapter focuses on a set of public, political events, and assembles an analysis that highlights specific ecological issues and questions. Some of the events that are discussed include the Gulf War of 1991, the bombing of the World Trade Center in New York, the rise of the science of Genetics, the evolution of the men's movement, the increasing power of images, and the recognition of aboriginal rights.

Scherff, Judith S. (ed.). The mother earth handbook : what you need to know and do - at home, in your community, and through your church - to help heal our planet now. New York: Continuum, 1991. 320 p.

Abstract: This handbook discusses a wide range of environmental problems that range from deforestation and climate change to air pollution and waste management. Possible solutions are discussed by the authors and concrete suggestions are made for readers to become involved.

Schrecker, Ted and Jean Dalgleish (eds.). Growth, trade and environmental values. London, ON: Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values, 1994. 227 p.

Abstract: Part I of the book provides an overview of the connections of between trade policy and the environment. John Whalley and Peter Uimonen describe the basic institutions of international trade policy. Sarah Richardson argues that a policy approach she refers to as "developmental trade: provides important opportunities for achieving more sustainable economic development. William Rees, on the other hand, provides a more skeptical view of the impact of trade liberalization on ecological integrity. Finally, David Runnalls' contribution outlines a series of principles for linking trade and sustainable development. Part II moves on to specifics. Michelle Swenarchuk provides an overall critique of the environmental implications of NAFTA, arguing that on balance these are substantially negative. David Bennett analyzes the way in which NAFTA will affect policy treatment of certain kinds of environmental risks. With reference to recent developments in trade policy, Brenda Leith explains the divergences between economic theory and the real world of agricultural commerce. David Conklin and Ross Archibald point out that aggressive approaches to environmental protection in the accounting field may have unexpected and unanticipated costs in terms of the location of investment, and point out the ethical importance of asking who will bear those costs. Finally, David Conklin and Jeffrey Gandz offer a provocative argument about national obligations to take on unpleasant environmental duties whose benefits may be transnational or even global in nature. Part III explores the connection among trade policy, environmental issues and global economic integration. O.P. Dwivedi outlines a distinctive Third World perspective on these questions. Deborah Poff argues that environmental protection objectives are ultimately incompatible with global economic integration, certainlu to the extent that such integration is taken to imply a declining role for the nation-state. Finally, John Cartwright and Susan Holtz offer two contrasting views of an alternative vision known as bioregionalism, which actively challenges the desirability of a world in which economic interdependence increases irrespective of "natural" boundaries.

Schroyer, Trent. (ed.) A world that works : building blocks for a just and sustainable society. New York, NY: Bootstrap Press, 1997. 355 p.

Abstract: This volume offers alternative ideas and experiences that are moving us toward a more just and sustainable future. It is also setting the stage for the next TOES (The Other Economic Summit) in Denver in 1997. The ideas and experiences presented in this book are grouped around several themes, such as what works to create real wealth, to democratize science and technology, to link sustainability with justice in the real world, and to build sustainable livelihoods and sustainable communities.

Searle, Rick. Population growth, resource consumption and the environment : seeking a common vision for a troubled world. Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1995. 112 p.

Contents: The planetary crisis; Religious ethical perspectives; Secular ethical perspectives; Economic, legal and deep ecological perspectives; Response from business, religion and governments.

Abstract: Examines the role of religion in shaping people's attitudes and behaviour toward the environment, the pressure of increasing population, and the use of Earth's resources.

Sen, Gita, Adrienne Germain and Lincoln C. Chen (eds.). Population policies reconsidered : health, empowerment, and rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994. 280 p.

Abstract: This volume brings together a combination of scholars, senior policy-makers and women's health advocates who have experiences in population policy and family planning program implementation. They explore future directions for population policy centered on health, women's empowerment, and human rights. The underlying premise is that public policy should assure the rights and well-being of people already born and those who will inevitably be born, rather than simply attempt to limit the ultimate size of the world's population. The contributors discuss why such a shift in population policies is necessary, and propose how policies can be transformed to honor human rights, especially women's rights. The book delineates policy changes needed to ensure that women can act on their own behalf. It also analyzes the practical aspects of achieving the proposed reproductive health and rights agenda. The aim is to contribute to a new consensus on policy directions for the 21st century.

Shand, Hope. "There is a conflict between intellectual property rights and the rights of farmers in developing countries." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (1991):p. 132-141.

Abstract: Attempts by Third World nations to receive compensation for their biological diversity are being thwarted by corporations seeking to patent this genetic material. Industrialized nations are vigorously promoting the global extension and harmonization of intellectual property laws, with the ultimate goal of exclusive control over biological products and processes.

Sharpless, John B. "Population ethics and policy." Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy (Spring 1988): p. 99-109.

Shiva, Vandana and Ingunn Moser (eds.). Biopolitics : a feminist and ecological reader on biotechnology. London, UK: Zed Books, 1995. 304 p.

Contents: 1 - Introduction: mobilizing critical communities and discourses on modern biotechnology (Moser); Part I - Biotechnology as culture: reconstructions of biology and nature: 2 - Human nature (Hubbard),3 - Genes as causes (Hubbard), 4 - Fractured images of science, language and power: a post-modern optic, or just bad eyesight? (Keller), 5 - Otherworldly conversations, terran topics, local terms (Haraway); Part 2 - Biohazards: risk in context: 6 - The limits of experimental knowledge: a feminist perspective on the ecological risks of genetic engineering (Kollek), 7 - Error-friendliness and the evolutionary impact of deliberate release of GMOs (Weizacker), 8 - The greening of biotechnology: GMOs as environment-friendly products (Levidow, Tait); Part 3 - Bioethics: knowledge and ethics as politics: Biosemiotics and ethics (Hoffmeyer), 10 - A 'genethics' that makes sense (Diprose), 11 - Whose ethics for agricultural biotechnology? (Levidow); Part 4 - Biopolitics: the political ecology of biotechnology: 12 - Biotechnological development and the conservation of biodiversity (Shiva), 13 - Biotechnology, patents and the Third World (Fowler), 14 - Biotechnology and the future of agriculture (Hobbelink), 15 - The seven dimensions of sustainable agriculture (Perlas), 16 - Epilogue: beyond reductionism (Shiva).

Abstract: This book discusses biotechnology issues from both a feminist and environmentalist perspective. The first part of the book explores the nature of biological knowledge and the relationship between knowledge and nature. Part Two looks at discourses of risk in biotechnology while the third part examines ethical issues and the notion of responsibility. Finally, the contributors explore biotechnology within the discourses on sustainable development and North-South relations.

Skelly, Joe. "The Caux Round Table principles for business : the rise of international ethics." Business Ethics 9 (May/June 1995); 4 p.

Notes: Special advertising supplement by the Caux Round Table, a group established in 1986 to bring together global corporate leaders to reduce trade tensions. The Principles are believed to be the first international ethics code created from a collaboration of business leaders in Europe, Japan and the U.S. and are based on the Japanese concept of kyosei (living and working together for the common good) and the western concept of human dignity.

Skirbekk, Gunnar (ed.). The notion of sustainability and its normative implications. Oslo, Norway: Scandinavian University Press, 1994. 162 p.

Contents: Preface; Introduction; Sustainability (Ruse); The quest for a sustainable society - a global perspective (Randers); The impact of "Sustainability" on the field of environmental science (Sloep); Sustainability and environmental ethics (Shrader-Frechette); Ethical gradualism, beyond anthropocentrism and biocentrism? (Skirbekk); Sustainability and ways of achieving it (Anagnostopoulos); The contributors.

Abstract: This anthology contributes to the discussion on the conceptual and normative questions embedded in the term sustainability. The various papers are revised versions of papers presented at a June 1993 conference held in Bergen, Norway with the same name. These papers reflect the views of both biologists and philosophers. The arguments of all authors lead toward some common ideas: that the notion of sustainability is ideally interdisciplinary, requiring more than mere multidisciplinary research; on the other hand the idea that this notion is essentially normative, requiring an ongoing discussion about ethical priorities. The normative discussions in this anthology converge towrds three interrelated points: an emphasis on the need for a reduction of the material consumption, an emphasis on the ethical ideal of a good life, and an emphasis on gradualistic moral obligations towards non-human beings.

Skolimowski, Henryk. A sacred place to dwell : living with reverence upon the earth. Rockport, MA: Element Books, 1993. 148 p.

Contents: (Selected) 1 - Ecological spirituality and its practical consequences; 2 - Spirituality and consciousness: a necessary connection; 3 - New values for a new millennium; 4 - Evolutionary god; 5 - Spiritualities in history; 6 - The new physics embraces the divine; 7 - Responsibility, grace and hope; 8 - The challenge of St. Francis; 9 - The beautiful and the sacred; 10 - The new gospel.

Abstract: This book examines the interaction of religious with ecological views. The author discusses a new conception of divinity, a new conception of responsibility, a new concept of God, a new concept of ethics, and an interpretation for our times of the vision of St. Francis.

Stone, Christopher D. Earth and other ethics : the case for moral pluralism. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. 280 p.

Contents: A personal preface; Morals matter; The historical legacy; Pressures on the persons framework; The crisis in frameworks; Legal considerateness; The nonperson in a position of legal disadvantage; Moral Considerateness; Unorthodox moral viewpoints; Moral monism; Calling moral monism to question; Foundations for moral pluralism; The logics of moral discourse: prescriptions; Character and other attributes; The utility planes; The nonutility planes; A meta-ethical unwinding; A final prologue.

Abstract: The author deals with three questions: What futures we can realistically aim for? - the range of potential hereafters - , or the question of technology. Which of these accessible futures we ought to select, why one may be considered morally preferable to another?, or the question of ethics. And finally, how we arrange our affairs so that the future we choose is the future that becomes the reality, or the question of social institutions or law.

Stone, Christopher D. Should trees have standing? and other essays on law, morals, and the environment. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana,1996. 181 p.

Notes: Originally published in 1972 Should trees have standing? Toward legal rights for natural objects.

Contents: Introduction; Should trees have standing? Towards legal rights for natural objects; The nonperson in law; Should we establish a guardian for future generations?; How to heal the planet; Reflections on sustainable development; The Convention on Biological Diversity; An environmental ethic for the 21st century; Moral pluralism and the course of environmental ethics; Epilogue: "Trees" at twenty-five.

Abstract: This book argues that although each successive movement to confer rights on some theretofore rightless "entity" has first appeared "odd or frightening or laughable, "the progress of the law, and of morals, has been to invite more and more members into the ever-widening community. The author proceeds to argue for a further widening by proposing that special guardians be empowered to speak for the "voiceless" elements in Nature: in effect, to give "legal standing" to endangered species and threatened forests.

Sylvan, Richard and David Bennett. The greening of ethics. Tuscon, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1994. 270 p.

Tourism Industry Association of Canada and National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Code of ethics and guidelines for sustainable tourism. Ottawa: Tourism Industry Association of Canada, [1993]. 1 v. (loose-leaf).

Contents: Complete kit includes: Code of ethics for tourists; code of ethics for the industry; Guidelines for the industry (all suitable for framing); Guidelines for the Tourism Industry Association (4 p.); Guidelines for accommodation (4 p.); Guidelines for foodservice (3 p.); Guidelines for tour operators (3 p.); Guidelines for ministries of tourism (5 p.).

"Toward earth ethics : a forum." Earth Ethics 6 (Summer, 1995) : p. 1,3,5,6.

Contents: The challenge of a world environmental ethic (Callicott); The ethic of sustainability (Euston, Gibson); Fundamental ethical principles (World Conservation Union)

Tucker, Mary Evelyn and John Grim (eds.). Worldviews and ecology. Maryknoll, NY: Obis Press, 1994.

United Church of Canada. One earth community : ethical principles for environment and development - a statement of the 34th General Council of the United Church of Canada, issues in response to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Toronto: United Church, 1992. 16 p.

United States. U.S. Information Agency. Population, development and the role of women. Washington, DC: USIA, 1995. 24 p.

Contents: Beyond the numbers (Wirth); A vital question: Earth's carrying capacity (Stevens); Balancing the scales: population policy and women's health (Germain and Ordway); Considering ethical issues (Macklin); Closing the gender gap (Macklin); Developing world perspectives (Bongaarts); Death rates: a dramatic decline (Sagoff); Migration: what policymakers can do (Russell and Teitelbaun).

University of Ottawa. Institute for Research on Environment and Economy. Proceedings.. Ottawa: IREE, 1995. 275 p.

Conference: Workshop on An Environmental Ethics Perspective on Canadian Policy for Sustainable Development. (1993 : Ottawa).

Contents: Introduction; Should preferences count? (Sagoff); SESSION ONE : THE OTTAWA EXPERIENCE; Ethical concerns in the environmental debate (Wilson), Environmental values and environmental decision making (Paehlke), Ethics, environment, and sustainable development policies - some relationships (Roots); An outsider's inside view of Canada's Green Plan (Siegel); Discussion summary; SESSION TWO : TECHNOLOGICAL RISK AND THE NUCLEAR ISSUE; Technological risk and the nuclear safety debate (Brunk); Risk assessment and moral assessment (Brook); Energy, ethics, and atoms (Hatcher); Discussion summary; SESSION THREE : FOOD SECURITY AND TECHNOCENTRISM IN AGRICULTURE; Food security and technocentrism in agriculture (Thompson); New ethical frameworks or more thorough environmental assessments? (Lehman); Perspectives on environmental ethics of biotechnology (Ingratta); Discussion summary; SESSION FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES: THE CASE FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL USES OF CANADA'S FORESTLANDS; Towards a forest policy for Canada: New directions from environmental ethics (Miller); A performance ethic and sustainable forestry: commonets from an ethical realist (Norcia); Discussion summary; Postscript (CHAMBERS); Appendix: workshop programme .

Abstract: This workshop was convened with the purpose of elaborating an ethical framework for the formulation of environmental and sustainable development policies. Four workshops focussed on important Canadian policy issues. The first session wrestled with how Canadian federal policies should incorporate environmental values (e.g. The Green Plan). The second session dealt with technological risk and the nuclear energy issue. The third session was concerned with food security and technocentrism in agriculture. The last session examined the multi-funcitonal uses of Canada's forestlands and the management of this common property resource.

van Buren, John. "Critical environmental hermeneutics." Environmental Ethics 17 (Fall 1995); p. 259-275.

Abstract: Local, national, and international conflicts over the use of forests between logging companies, governments, environmentalists, native peoples, local residents, recreationalists, and others - e.g. the controversy over the spotted owl in the old-growth forests of the Northwestern United States and over the rain forests in South America - have shown the need for philosophical reflection to help clarify the basic issues involved. Joining other philosophers who are addressing this problem, the author's own response takes the form of a sketch of the rough outlines of a critical environmental hermeneutics. He applies hermeneutics, narrative theory, and critical theory to environmental ethics, and uses this hermeneutical theory as method to illuminate the "deep" underlying issues relating to the perception and use of forests. In applying this method, the author first takes up the analytical problem of identifying, clarifying, and ordering the different interpretive narratives about forests in terms of the underlying epistemological, ethical, and political issues involved. He then addresses the critical problem of deciding conflicts between these different interpretations of forests by working out a set of legitmation criteria to which all parties concerned would ideally be able to subscribe.

van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. and Jan van der Straaten (eds.). Toward sustainable development : concepts, methods, and policy. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994. 287 p.

Contents: The significance of sustainable development for ideas, tools and policy (van den Bergh and van der Straaten); The environmental sustainability of economic processes: a framework for analysis (Ekins); Biological, cultural and economic evolution and the economy-ecology relationship (Hinterberger); Ethics and values in environmental policy: the said and the UNCED (Glasser et al); Spatial ecosystem modeling in a distributed computational environment (Maxwell and Costanza); The Natural philosophy of natural capital: can solar energy substitute? (king and Slesser); Sustainability and the limits to Pseudo market valuation (Blamey and Common); Historical and future models of economic development and natural environment (van den Bergh and van der Straaten); Distribution conflicts and international environmental policy on carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural biodiversity (Martinez-Alier); Ecology, economic incentives and public policy in the design of a transdisciplinary pollution control instrument (Cumberland).

Abstract: Provides a comprehensive and wide-ranging exploration of the theoretical and practical aspects of the concept of sustainable development. Internationally known scholars present an in-depth critique of traditional economic methods and ideas. They set a new framework for analysis of issues of development and environmental policy. As well as explaining the conceptual and theoretical background, the authors discuss methods and techniques and examine issues of policy and implementation. They offer both critical observations on old approaches and valuable guidelines for recent innovations.

Walter, G.R. Defining Sustainable Communities. SCI Working Paper no.4. Victoria: University of Victoria. The Centre for Sustainable Regional Development, 1992. 5p.

Wann, David Deep design : pathways to a livable future. Washington: Island Press, 1996. 216 p.

Contents: (Selected) Foreword (Hawken); 1 - Deep design: from the visionary to the pragmatic; 2 - The social-environmental connection: what do we want, and how can design deliver it?; 3 - Design at the molecular level: pathways to chemicals that fit; 4 - In search of the soft path: efficiency and renewable energy; 5 - Re-envisioning agriculture: pathways to regenerative systems; 6 - A near-perfect world, if you're a wheel: designing communities that work; 7 - Design criteria that work: how should we think about design?; 8 - Design for environment: making it better; 9 - The evolution of design species: toward a best-case scenario of diversity, conservation, and caretaking.

Abstract: This book introduces and discusses a new design philosophy that considers ecological as well as the sociological limits within the design process. The author considers different approaches to deep design that range from Aikido Engineering, a form of engineering that seeks to utilize natural forces and succeed through a path of least resistance, to industrial ecology where a systems approach is applied to materials and resource flows reaching beyond the actual production facility. Each approach is introduced and examples of their application are provided and discussed. Examples include the design of buildings, urban sewage treatment facilities, computers, communities, industrial facilities, wind generation systems and agriculture without pesticides.

Wapner, Paul. "Ethics dumped." Down to Earth (July 31, 1995) : p. 25-28.

Abstract: Discusses the use of poor communities as sites for waste dumping and for performing activities that damage the environment.

Wasik, John F. Green marketing & management : a global perspective. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996. 247 p.

Contents: 1 - Introduction: the green mandate; 2 - Green accountability: How is it measured?; 3 - Green management: action; 4 - Green marketing ethics and social responsibility; 5 - Green marketing by design; 6 - Partnering: alliances in green marketing; 7 - Beyond marketing: selling values; 8 - Verifying the message: ecolabelling and certification; 9 - Green advertising; 10 - Holistic marketing management; 11 - Partnering: bringing definitions and issues to the marketplace; 12 - Packaging as a green marketing message; 13 - Epilogue: a new definition of wealth; Resources: The CERES principles, Rating an organization: The EFACT rating system, Standards for environmental excellence: A checklist, leading multinational marketers.

Abstract: This volume is a guide to the complex issues involved in making and selling a product in an environmentally responsible way. The author draws on the experience of leading multi-national companies that enhance both image and bottom line while paying attention to environmental issues. This book provides a hands-on guide to navigating new international standards, ecolabeling programs, government oversight, and the increasing demands of the "ecoconsumer."

Weigel, Van B. Earth cancer. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1995. 174 p.

Contents: Living without Berlin walls; Back to the future; Specious speciesism in ethics and economics; The ethics of Earth cancer; The economics of Earth cancer; Discovering our humanity; Passion for life.

Abstract: The author contends that humans have constructed a self-defeating "Berlin Wall" between themselves and other species. This wall is built from arrogance toward the environment as symbolized by the systematic destruction of habitats and the reckless generation of waste. Weigel explains that humans face a moral and ethical imperative to stem this tide before it is too late. Because the fate of so many species is dependent upon the decisions we make, the ideal of interdependence with all other members of the biosphere must be embraced.

Weiss, Edith Brown.