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Selected Sources...Co-management

Published by the Information for Sustainable Development Team, International Institute for Sustainable Development.

April, 1997. (Updated June 1998)

Most documents are held in IISD’s Information Centre. For more information please call: 1-204-958-7755 or email: mroy@iisd.ca

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Co-Management - background

The wisdom of devising resource management strategies shared by government and local communities is gaining recognition as ecosystems and communal property are increasingly threatened. These strategies, commonly known as joint management or 'co-management' schemes, are being utilized in such places as the Canadian North, where local resource management systems are still very important and on Canada's East coast and in Asia where fish stocks are in jeopardy.

Loosely defined (there is no generally accepted definition) co-management "means the sharing of power and responsibility for resource management between the government and local resource users" (Berkes IN Empowerment, by Singh and Titi, 140). Each partner plays an important role with government contributing administrative assistance and/or scientific expertise and enabling legislation while the local resource users provide knowledge of traditional management systems and practices developed from years of experience in the local environment. In some cases, local resource users are delegated legislative authority and may even share jurisdiction over resources with government.

Typically co-management strategies:

1. Include non-traditional decision-makers ie. non-traditional meaning those other than state or industry managers.
2. Encourage the participation of the local community in the management of natural resources in some capacity
3. Are consensus-based with decision-making power being shared among the various actors.
4. Stress negotiation rather than litigation in situations of conflict
5. Combine western scientific knowledge and traditional environmental knowledge
6. Include decision-making arrangements and agreements from public participation initiatives to land claim settlements

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Co-Management ...Selected Sources

Australia. Department of Conservation and Land Management. Total catchment management: community and government working together. Sydney, Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1994. Various pamphlets.

Baland, Jean-Marie and Jean-Philippe Platteau. Halting degradation of natural resources : is there a role for rural communities? New York: Oxford U Press, 1996. 423 p.

Contents: Part I - Rationale and scope of local-level resource management: lessons from economic theory: 1 - Natural resources and economic growth - towards a definition of sustainability, 2 - The tragedy of the commons, 3 - The property rights school solution - the privatization programme, 4 - The unregulated common property - the prisoners dilemma revisited, 5 - Coordination and leadership in the unregulated common property - some lessons from game theory, 6 - Moral norms and co-operation, 7 - The possibility of co-operation - lessons from experimental social psychology, 8 - The regulated common property, 9 - Some concluding reflections on the privatization of common property resources; Part II - Introduction; The feasibility of local-level resource management - an empirical assessment: 10 - Were people traditionally conservationists?, 11 - Recent changes affecting collective action at village level, 12 - Conditions for successful collective action - insights from field experiences, 13 - Co-management as a new approach to regulation of common property resources; General conclusion.

Abstract: This book discusses natural resource management and focuses on local-level resources while avoiding broader environmental concerns such as protection of wilderness areas and air or water pollution. The authors ask how local or village-level natural resources can be most efficiently and equitably managed. The book is divided into two parts. The first part applies economic theory to local-level natural resources. The second part takes the lessons drawn from part I and considers the evidence from field settings of village societies in developing countries. A number of questions are addressed: What mechanisms (if any) have the effect of regulating use of common property resources in these societies?; How can the effectiveness of state intervention in village resources be assessed and explained?; Has the ability of traditional village societies in designing and enforcing effective regulatory schemes been affected by recent changes (eg., technology or demography for example)?; What are the main factors leading to the success of collective action?; Do intermediary regimes exist that go beyond the conventional distinction between private, state, and community management?

Berkes, Fikret. "Co-management : bridging the two solitudes". Northern Perspectives 22 (Summer/Fall 1994): p. 18-20.

Berkes, Fikret. Common property resources : ecology and community-based sustainable development. London, UK: Belhave Press, 1989. 302 p.

Contents: Includes papers presented at the Conference on Conservation and Development : Implementing the World Conservation Strategy, held June 1986, Ottawa, and the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held Aug. 1986, Syracuse, N.Y.

Berkes, Fikret. "New and not-so-new directions in the use of the Commons : co-management". Common Property Resource Digest 42(July : 1997): 5-7.

Berkes, Fikret, Carl Folke and Johan Colding(eds.). Linking social and ecological systems : management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 459 p.

Abstract: Resulting from a subproject of "Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems", a research program of The Beijer Institute, this book analyses social and ecological linkages in selected ecosystems using an international and interdisciplinary case-study approach.

Berkes, Fikret, Peter George and Richard J. Preston. "Co-management : the evolution in theory and practice of the joint administration of living resources". Alternatives 18(2 : 1991):12-18.

Berkes, Fikret and Thomas Henley. "Co-management and traditional knowledge: Threat or opportunity?" Policy Options (March, 1997) : 29-31.

Blunt, Peter and Michael D. Warren (eds.). Indigenous organizations and development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1996. 253 p.

Contents: Part 1 Africa : 1 - The drum speaks - are we listening? Experiences in development with a traditional Gabra institution - the Yaa Galbo (Linquist, Adoph), 2 - Traditional settlement, cultural identity and rural development in the Transkei (McAllister), 3 - Hometown associations : balancing local and extralocal interests in Nigerian communities (McNulty, Lawrence), 4 - Indigenous organizations and development: The case of Ara, Nigeria (Warren, Adedokun, Omolaoye), 5 - The Ogbomoso Parapo: A case-study of an indigenous development association in Nigeria (Kolawole), 6 - Community development associations and self-reliance: the case of Isalu Community Development Union, Iseyin, Nigeria (Wahab), 7 - The importance of indigenous organizations to the sustainability of contemporary Yoruba strip-weaving industries in Iseyin, Nigeria (Wolff, Wahab), 8 - Traditional leadership and community management in Northern Ghana (Cosway, Anankum), 9 - Indigenous healer associations and a South African AIDS-prevention project (Green, Zokwe); Part II - Indian sub-continent : 10 - History of an indigenous community management organization in Nepal (Pokhrel, Willet), 11 - Building on the Panchayat: using Jal Samitis in Uttar Pradesh (Kumar); 12 - Informal institutions of financial intermediation: social value of Vishis, chit funds and self-help groups (Shah, Johnson), 13 - Taking count of the depth of the ditches: Understanding local organization forms, their problems and strategic responses (Srinivas); Part III - Asia - Pacific: 14 - Aboriginal agenda or agency agenda? Community - development planning projects in Australia (Wolfe-Keddie), 15 - Yolngu rom: indigenous knowledge in north Australia (Hughes), 16 - Community development among the New Zealand Maori: The Tainui case (Van Meijl), 17 - Indigenous organizations for development in the Canadian north : native development corporations (Dana), 18 - The role of indigenous organizations in the rural development of China : A case-study of a non-farm productive activity (Xiaoyun, Ou, Shengkun), 19 - Using indigenous organizations from West Kalimantan (Colfer, Wadley, Widjanarti), 20 - Personal networks and agricultural extension in the Philippines (Armonia).

Abstract: This volume investigates local planning and management systems, local levels of technology and development, and community-based systems of evaluation and capacity building. Half the contributions come from Africa, with others from South Asia, the Pacific and Canada. Some chapters examine problems of the imposition of new organizational structures on local communities, others look at empowerment. Indigenous organizations often stress the importance of good social relationships, and of harmony, as well as having more practical aims. This volume emphasizes the need to let local people decide what is best for them.

Campbell, Tracy. "Co-management of aboriginal resources". Information North. (March 1996): v22 n1, 10 p.

Notes: Published with permission from Information North, Vol. 22, no. 1 (March 1996), Arctic Institute of North America. Includes references. Publication information assumed.

Canada. Atlantic Coastal Action Program. Sharing the challenge. Ottawa, ON: ACAP, 1996. 2 v.

Contents: (Selected) VOLUME I - A GUIDE FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING : Part 1 - The multi-stakeholder approach; Part 2 - From objectives to evaluation; Part 2A - Building a vision: the community decides; Part 2B - A primer on environmental quality assessment; Part 2C - Developing an environmental quality assessment using lotus agenda; Part 3 - Tough choices: selecting your solutions; Part 4 - A lasting record: putting your plan in print; Conclusion; VOLUME II - SHARING THE CHALLENGE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE: a workbook for use in ACAP project areas: 1 The ACAP project area - general characteristics, 2 - Potential sources of pollution, 3 - Water and sediment quality, 4 - Coastal infrastructure and related issues, 5 - Fish, wildlife and vegetation, 6 - Community approach to environmental management, 7 - Summary - key environmental problems and issues VOLUME VI - Sharing the challenge - a community guide to resource valuation: Section I Resource valuation project - guide book: Introduction, The context of the economic study, CBA and resource valuation, Resource valuation framework, Conclusion.

Abstract: The guide and workbook are intended to assist in the development of a comprehensive environmental management plan. The first volume is a guide that describes the multi-stakeholder process and explains how one is formed and managed. The process of building a community vision and performing an environmental quality assessment is detailed. The process of choosing solutions to environmental problems is discussed. The second volume is a workbook that provides a series of questions about various components of the community and local environment that is a useful first step in determining the environmental quality of an area. The sixth volume introduces and explains the concepts of resource valuation. The approach uses a framework with seven steps and in each step environmental information must be assembled for use in successive steps. The last section of this volume provides a case study of a resource valuation project on the L'Etang estuary.

 

Condamine Catchment Management Association. The Condamine Catchment Strategic Plan. (Draft) (s.l.): The authors, 1996. 24 p.

Notes: Unpublished monograph.

Davis, Shelton H. and Katrinka Ebbe (eds.). Traditional knowledge and sustainable development : proceedings of a conference. Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings series no. 4. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995. 58 p.

Contents: Introduction; Traditional knowledge and cultural survival; Traditional knowledge, land and the environment; Traditional knowledge and agricultural sustainability; Contributions of traditional medicine to health; Traditional institutions and participation; Government policies and traditional knowledge; Building a new partnership; Conclusion.

Abstract: Highlights the proceedings of a conference held September 1993.

Dyer, Christopher L. and James R. McGoodwin (eds.). Folk management in the world's fisheries : lessons for modern fisheries management. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1994. 347 p.

Contents: (Selected):Folk management in the oyster fishery of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (Dyer, Leard); Resource managers and resource users: field biologists and stewardship (Ward, Weeks); Local knowledge in the folk management of fisheries and coastal marine environments (Ruddle); Are folk management practices models for formal regulations' evidence from the lobster fisheries of Newfoundland and Maine (Palmer); Two tales of fish: the social construction of indigenous knowledge among Atlantic salmon fishers (Felt).

Abstract: Suggests that folk management of the world's fisheries (that is, management of fisheries by the resource users themselves) is a viable alternative to conventional fisheries management.

Freeman, Milton M.R. and Ludwig N. Carbyn (eds.). Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions. Occasional Publication no. 23. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, 1988. 124 p.

Contents: Introduction; Environmental philosophy of the Chisasibi Cree people of James Bay (Berkes); The contribution of the ecological knowledge of Inuit to wildlife management in the Northwest Territories (Gunn et al); The Inuit and wildlife management today (Riewe and Gamble); State and indigenous fisheries management: the Alaska context (Wheeler); Sami Reindeer pastoralism as an indigenous resource management system in northern Norway - a contribution to the common property debate (Bjorklund); The role of subsistence resource commissions in managing Alaska's new national parks (Caulfield); Traditional knowledge, adaptive management and advances in scientific understanding (McDonald); Self-management and state-management: forms of knowing and managing northern wildlife (Feit); Wildlife management in the North American Arctic: the case for co-management (Osherenko); Selected bibliography of native resource management systems and native knowledge of the environment (Andrews).

Abstract: This publication includes a number of papers given at a workshop on Native Peoples and Wildlife Management held in October 1986. The other papers in the collection provide a number of case studies relating to traditional knowledge and management institutions among Inuit groups in arctic Canada, the Cree of the Canadian subarctic, Athabaskans in Alaska, and the Sami of northern Norway. These papers also deal with management, either traditional/indigenous or prevailing state-mandated systems based on non-indigenous scientific perspectives. Several papers urge a further integration of the science-based state management system with traditional systems of self-regulation.

Ghai, Dharam (ed). Development and environment : sustaining people and nature. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. 263 p.

Contents: Environment, livelihood and empowerment (Ghai); Community-based fisheries management, tradition and the challenges of development in Marovo, Solomon Islands (Hviding and Baines); Ecological knowledge and the regional economy: environmental management in the Asesewa District of Ghana (Amanor); Sustaining the forests: the community-based approach to South and South-east Asia (Colchester); Ecological conflicts and the environmental movement in India (Gadgil and Guha); Gender, environment and population (Joekes, Heyzer, Oniang'o, Salles); NGOs and sustainable development in Zimbabwe: no magic bullets (Vivian); Parks and people: livelihood issues in national parks management in Thailand and Madagascar (Ghimire); Social and political dimensions of environmental protection in Central America (Utting).

Halladay, Patricia and D. A. Gilmour (eds.). Conserving biodiversity outside protected areas: the role of traditional agro-ecosystems. Cambridge, UK: IUCN, 1995. 228 p.

Contents: Background; Guidelines for conservation planners; Visit to Deheson del Encinar: Pastures with acid soils (Lopez-Carrasco), Cattle production systems (Rodriguez, Lopez-Carrasco), Adaptation by Talaverana sheep (Canadas), Iberian pigs (Silio, Rodrganez, Rodriguez, Toro); How traditional agro-ecosystems can contribute to conserving biodiversity (McNeely); Perceptions on forest conservation in Tropical America (Budowski); Traditional farming systems and biodiversity in the High Andes (Sotomayor); Connectivity: key in maintaining tropical rainforest landscape diversity (Guevara); Agro-pastoralism and biodiversity conservation in East Africa (Mwalyosi); The indonesian agro-forest model (Michon, Foresta); Dehesa systems in the western Mediterranean (Pineda, Montalvo); Upland farming systems of the Northern Apennines (Farina); The date palm grove oasis (Barakat); Home-garden systems in Vietnam (Quat); The evolution of Kandyan home-gardens (Wickramasinghe); Community forestry in Nepal (Ingles); Religious beliefs and rituals in Nepal (Ingles).

Abstract: This publication contains a collection of papers that resulted from an IUCN sponsored workshop that examined the potential for combining production and conservation of biodiversity outside protected areas. Case studies were selected from regions around the world and used as the basis for discussing the issue of conservation and development in traditional agro-ecosystems.

Hanna, Susan and Mohan Munasinghe (eds.). Property rights and the environment : social and ecological issues. Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1995. 164 p.

Notes: Companion volume 'Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context: Case Studies and Design Applications' by the same editors is also available.

Contents: An introduction to property rights and the environment (Hanna, Munasinghe); Property rights and environmental resources (Hanna, Folke, Karl-Goran Maler); Designing complexity to govern complexity (Ostrom); Distributed governance in fisheries (Townsend, Pooley); Efficiencies of user participation in natural resource management (Hanna); The management of transboundary resources and property rights systems: the case of fisheries (Kaitala, Munro); Building equity, stewardship, and resilience into market-based property rights systems (Young, McCay); Analysis of Earth summit prescriptions on incorporating traditional knowledge in natural resource management (Cicin-Sain, Knecht); Mechanisms that link property rights to ecological systems (Folke, Berkes); Poverty, population, and the environment (Dasgupta).

Abstract: This book investigates the institutional dimensions of environmental sustainability. Property rights regimes are particularly important types of institutions, the knowledge of how they function in relation to humans and their use of the environment is critical to the design and implementation of effective environmental protection. The papers in this book consider the theoretical and conceptual background related to the design of governance systems for sustainability; the relationships among equity, stewardship, and environmental resilience; the use of traditional knowledge in resource management; the mechanisms that link humans to their environment; and the role played by poverty and population.

Haugh, Alison. "Balancing rights, powers, and privileges : a window on co-management experience in Manitoba". Northern Perspectives 22 (Summer/Fall 1994): 28-32.

Hawkins, Richard, R. Mansell and J.Skea (eds.). Standards, innovation and competitiveness : the politics and economics of standards in natural and technical environments. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995. 288 p.

Contents: This book discusses standards in relation to innovation and competitiveness in the areas of information and communication technologies and environmental studies. Several papers discuss broad topic areas, these include: the significance of policy related research on standards for issues of economic, political and social development; examining standards in relation to the 'freedom versus order' debate and related economic and public policy implications. There is a discussion of standards selection criteria in relation to the environment and the information and communications technology areas. The application of standards to business are discussed, including the role of standards in environmental audits and their potential role in linking corporate commercial decision-making to increasing public expectations regarding environmental protection and management. The position of standards-making with respect to the concept of 'institutionality' in political and economic relationships are discussed. Another paper focuses on the social and cultural contexts of building policy communities and dealing with the dynamics of 'stakeholder' interests. There is an examination of some of the historical and theoretical foundations of institutional practices in setting standards. A more specific paper considers the role of users in setting technical standards, including the problems and historical institutional responses, and the theoretical issues. The role of standards in establishing technological infrastructures to support future innovation is investigated. There is also a theoretical analysis of the interplay between political and commercial exigencies in determining the basis for standardization. These papers were originally presented at the International workshop on Standards, Innovation, Competition and Policy which took place in November 1993 at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England.

Heinrich, Geoffrey M. Strengthening farmer participation through groups : experiences and lessons from Botswana. OFCOR discussion paper no.3. The Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research; ISNAR, 1993. 32 p.

Howard, Albert and Frances Widdowson. "Traditional knowledge threatens environmental assessment". Policy Options (November, 1996) : 34-36.

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. Community based environmental management : New York City, USA. ICLEI case study no.14. Toronto: ICLEI World Secretariat, 1993. 6 p.

Inuit Circumpolar Conference. The participation of indigenous peoples and the application of their environmental and ecological knowledge in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. Ottawa: Inuit Circumpolar Conference, 1993. 2v.

Contents: Indigenous peoples and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy; Facilitating the participation of indigenous peoples; A research program on indigenous knowledge; Proposed actions and recommendations to ministers.

Abstract: The report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 sets out the background issues that gave rise to the participation of indigenous peoples in the AEPS. Chapter 2 describes the role and importance of indigenous environmental and ecological knowledge in terms of its potential application within the AEPS and discusses the ways in which the participation of indigenous peoples can best be facilitated. In Chapter 3 the research design and methodologies needed to develop a research program on indigenous knowledge are introduced. Chapter 4 presents three recommendations for Ministerial consideration. Topics of special interest which have been drawn from the regional inventories or which provide additional information about particular issues raised in the report are presented in separate annexes. An extensive bibliography, representing the literature review on indigenous environmental and ecological knowledge and its applications is presented in Volume 2 of this report.

Inuit Circumpolar Conference. Circumpolar sustainable development and the Projet de Societe‚ : an overview of the work of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference and others on Arctic sustainable development. Anchorage, AK: 1993. 28 p.

Contents: (Selected): ICC Contributions to Arctic policy development (Arctic Environment Protection Strategy (AEPS), Arctic Indigenous Leaders; Summit, ICC activities related to UNCED and Agenda21); Examples of some local and regional initiatives related to Arctic sustainable development (The Inuit of Nunavik: promoting indigenous knowledge in sustainable development planning, The Inuit of Labrador, eastern Canadian Arctic: sustainable wildlife harvesting for commercial enterprise, Iqaluit, NWT: promoting women's participation in sustainable development, Inuit (Yupik) of Siberia: Conserving indigenous language for natural resource management, The Inuit of Greenland: planning for a sustainable future, Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy (IRCS) implementation efforts in Alaska); Towards a sustainable future in Canada's north.

Lalonde, Andre and Shahid Akhtar. "Traditional knowledge research for sustainable development". Nature and Resources, 30 (2 : 1994): 22-28, 7 p.

Lockeretz, William (ed). Environmental Enhancement through Agriculture (1995 : Proceedings) Boston. Medford, MA: Tufts University, 1995. 334 p.

Contents: 1 -Watershed protection: Operation future: farmers protecting Darby Creek and the bottom line (Hall), The watershed approach to integrating agricultural production and water quality enhancement (Cook, Rice), Padilla Bay proposes a unique community partnership for on-farm agriculture and estuary research and education (DePhelps), Watershed protection: a better way (Coombe), Sustainable farming practices benefit Minnesota landscape (Jackson, Boody), Marin Coastal watershed enhancement project: a cooperative...(Rilla, Larson), Buffalo River tributaries watershed project (Hackbart), The Zuni River Watershed Act: an ecosystem plan (Wooten, Dietrich); 2 - Wildlife Conservation and biodiversity: Collaborative problem solving in Cameron County, Texas: the coexistence committee (Dale, Purvis, Lockamy, Thompson), Valley care: bringing conservation and agriculture together in California's Central Valley (Payne, Bias, Kempka), The delta farmland and wildlife trust (Melnychuk), Establishment of on-farm native plant vegetation areas to enhance biodiversity within intensive farming systems of the Sacramento Valley (Anderson, Engel, Rominger, Anderson), Birds of prey and their use of agricultural fields (Fitzpatrick), Value of shade coffee plantations for tropical birds: landscape and vegetation effects (Parrish, Petit); 3 - Livestock systems: Environmental, economic and social benefits of feeding livestock on well-managed pasture (Murphy, Silman, McCrory, Flack, Winsten, Hoke, Schmitt, Pillsbury), Enhancement of communities with pasture-based dairy production systems (Washburn, Knook, Green, Jennings, Benson, Barker, Poore), The potential of dairy grazing to protect agricultural land uses and environmental quality in rural and urban settings (Petrucci), Environmental and economic benefits of organic dairy farming in Ontario (Sholubi, Stonehouse, Clark), Integrated resource management at work - a case study (Barao), Riparian zones then and now - an enhanced environment created by agriculture? (Skinner, Hiller), Can sustainable agriculture landscapes accomodate corporate agriculture? (Keeney); 4 - Waste recycling and nutrient management: On-farm composting of food and farm wastes: economic and environmental considerations (Halstead, Cook, Estes), Recycling municipal organic wastes through compost application to agricultural land (Obreza), Best nutrient management practices on watersheds to protect water quality in Massachusetts (Daliparthy, Herbert, Akin, O'Toole); 5 - Energy from agricultural biomass: Environmental enhancement using short-rotation woody crops and perennial grasses as alternatives to traditional agricultural crops (Tolbert, Schiller), Perennial grasses for energy and conservation: evaluating some ecological, agricultural, and economic issues (Downing, Walsh, McLaughlin), The environmental benefits of cellulosic energy crops at a landscape scale (Graham, Liu, English); 6 - Metropolitan agriculture and farmland preservation: Regional farmers' market development as an employment and economic development strategy (Nettleton), Community food security, agriculture, and the environment: a Massachusetts perspective (Joseph), Protecting important natural areas , wildlife habitat and water quality on Vermont dairy farms through the Vermont Farmland Protection Program (Considine, Roe, Willard), Empirical evidence of public preferences for farmland preservation (Kline, Wichelns); 7 - National policies on agriculture and the environment: The living countryside: maintaining Sweden's agrarian landscape (Vail), The provision of countryside amenities - external benefits of agricultural production in mountainous regions (Hackl, Pruckner), Integration of environmental objectives into agricultural policy and law in the Netherlands (Bekkers, Verschuuren); 8 - Agricultural development and the environment: Resource systems analysis - linking agriculture and environment in Central Java, Indonesia (Sexton), Are productivity enhancing, resource conserving technologies a viable "Win-Win" approach in the tropics? The case of conservation tillage in Mexico (Erenstein).

Martin, Vance G. and Nicholas Tyler, Nicholas (eds.). Arctic wilderness. Golden, Colorado: North American Press, 1995. 342 p.

Conference: World Wilderness Congress (5th. : Tromso, Norway).

Contents: The wilderness imperative (Player); Wilderness designation - a global trend (Martin); Unspoiled nature - a prerequisite for civilization (Hareide); Indigenous peoples of the north (Magga); The concept of wilderness among the indigenous peoples of the north (Telekova); Indigenous peoples as managers of wildlife in the north (Pungowiyi); The recognition and exercise of Inuit rights and responsibilities (Kuptana); The indigenous peoples of the Arctic - survival demands (Rasmussen); An Australian aboriginal approach to wilderness (Franks); Involving traditional knowledge and rural people in wilderness conservation (Shuenyane); Wilderness - our lifeline on Earth (Sarathy); The use of wilderness for personal growth and inspiration (Hendee and Pitstick); The wilderness as a resource for healing (Ramphele); Youth and wilderness (Gamstobakk); Is tourism a threat to polar wilderness? an Antarctic case study (Dingwall); Ecotourism, wildland values and wilderness preservation in the U.S. National Forests (Estill); The value of polar wilderness in a global perspective (Kaltenborn); Fridtjof Nansen and the spirit of northern wilderness (Hestmark); Polar wilderness: what does it contribute and to whom? (Roots); Polar wilderness and biodiversity (Schei); Wild rivers of the north: a reconnaissance-level inventory (McCloskey); A comparison of the legal environmental regimes in the Arctic and Antarctic (Bjorklund); The Arctic and Antarctica: legal and political perspectives (Ulfstein); Governmental structure of the Arctic - the rights and duties of the northern peoples (Eriksen); Regional cooperation in the Arctic as a strategy for marine management (Olsen); National parks and protected areas in polar regions (Lucas); Arctic conservation strategies (Wahlstedt); A protected area system for the Arctic (Prokosch); Finland's wilderness act - a Scandinavian model (Pietikaninen); Sustainable living in the Arctic (Hickel); Sustainable management of the Polar regions (Bernsten); Concepts of wilderness and sustainable use of the Arctic (Muus); Sustainable wilderness in the Arctic (Miller); An ecosystem approach to fishing and management across the North Atlantic (Earle); Fisheries management in an over utilized ocean (Tillion); Developing the natural resources of the Barents Region: opportunities and dangers (Kalinnikov and Vinogradov); Regional development in the Russian Far North (Mikhailov); Weighing the needs of the environmental management and economic development - the challenge for public authorities (Fuhs); The great Arctic reserve - Taymyr Peninsula (Surlien); The idea of wild (Rothenberg); International wilderness allocation, management and research (Hendee and Martin); Arctic wildlife and whaling: conflicts in management (Stirling); Translating wilderness (Witoszek); Strategies for protecting Arctic Wilderness (Larsen and Miller); The Polar Basin and its Arctic rim: productivity and global change (Wassmann); Traditional indigenous knowledge and modern resource management (Stenseth); Resolutions of the 5th World Wilderness Congress.

Abstract: Contributions to the 5th World Wilderness Congress which focused on "Wild nature and sustainable living in circumpolar regions".

McNeely, Jeffrey A. (ed). Expanding partnerships in conservation. Washington, D. C. : IUCN, The World Conservation Union 1995. 302 p

Contents: 1 -Partnerships for conservation: an introduction (McNeely); Part I - Principles of partnerships: 2 - New partners in conservation: how to expand public support for protected areas (Munro), 3 - How to build local support for protected areas (Lusigi), 4 - Protection of the Earth's environment and corporate ethics for the future, 5 - Institutional options for managing protected areas (Barborak), 6 - Bringing in the law: legal strategies for integrating habitat conservation into land use planning and management, 7 - Social science and protected area management: the principles of partnership (Machlis), 8 - Biosphere reserves: a comprehensive approach (Droste); Part II - Partnerships with major sectors: 9 - Forestry and protected areas: a natural partnership (Freezailah), 10 - Medicinal plants and protected areas (Akerele), 11 - The evolution of zoos, aquaria, and botanic gardens in relation to protected areas, 12 - Fisheries and protected areas (Kapetsky, Bartley), 13 - Protected areas and the hydrologic cycle (Dugan, Maltby), 14 - Protected areas as a protection against natural hazards (Bender), 15 - Protected areas and the tourism industry (Selengut), 16 - Energy exploitation and protected areas (Syratt), 17 - Protected areas as investments (El-Ashray), 18 - How to involve women in protected area issues (Astolfi), 19 - Redefining national security: the military and protected areas (D'souza); Part III - Partnerships with communities: 20 - No park is an island, 21 - Protected areas and the private sector: building NGO relationships (Norris, Camposbasso), 22 - Innovative partners: the value of non-government organizations in establishing and managing protected areas (Lees), 23 - Lessons from 35 years of private preserve management in the USA: the preserve system of the nature conservancy (Murray), 24 - Partnerships between rural people and protected areas: understanding land use and natural resource decisions (Schelhas, Shaw), 25 - Working with people who live in protected areas (Dower), 26 - People and their participation: new approaches to resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation (Gurung), 27 - Aboriginal societies, tourism, and conservation: the case of Canada's Northwest Territories (Seale), 28 - Stewardship: landowners as partners in conservation (Cox), 29 - The South African natural heritage program: a new partnership among government, landowners,, and the business sector (Cohen), 30 - Agreements between conservation agencies and tribal neighbors in South Africa (Anderson), 31 - Communities, parks, and regional planning: a co-management strategy based on the Zimbabwean experience (Metcalfe), 32 - Neighbors as partners of protected areas (Snelson).

Abstract: This book contains a series of papers that were presented and revised following the Fourth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas held in Caracas, Venezuela February 10-21, 1992. The papers discuss how new and stronger partnerships can be formed as part of the formation and management of protected areas. The book describes the different types of activities that are being pursued to build partnerships at the international, national, and local level.

Northern River Basins Study Board (Canada). Northern River Basins Study: report to the Ministers 1996. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Environmental Protection, 1996. 287 p.

Contents: (Selected) Key Findings and recommendations; Preamble; 1 - Background: Introduction to the Northern River Basins, The Peace River, The Athabasca River, The Peace-Athabasca Delta, The Slave River and Delta, The people of the basins and the genesis of the study; 2 - Study organization: Overview, The science program, Human health, Community participation; 3 - Major findings: Introduction, Environmental overview, Use of aquatic resources, Traditional knowledge, Flow regulation, Fish distribution..., Nutrients, Dissolved oxygen, Contaminants, Drinking water, Ecosystem health, Modeling, Human health, Cumulative effects; 4 - Study board recommendations: Introduction, Basin management, Reach specific issues, Monitoring, Research, Public participation, Successor organization; 5 - First Nations/ Metis recommendations; 6 - Workshop comments: Introduction, Post NRBS/Interjurisdictional bodies, Discharge/River health, Regulations and monitoring, Future studies, Traditional knowledge, Citizen involvement, First nations, Education/ Communication, Human health, Advice/comments to board, Other recommendations; 7 - Appendices; NRBS Documents.

Abstract: This report provides a benchmark that defines the present state of the Peace, Athabasca and Slave rivers. Areas of study that are mentioned in this report include: quality of fish and water, ecosystem health, nutrients and dissolved oxygen in surface waters, flow regulation, critical environmental issues and management challenges in the region, pollution prevention, basin management and study process. Recommendations are made for the management of the basin and further research.

Overseas Development Institute. Rural Development Forestry Network. Network Paper. London, UK: ODI, Regent's College, v. in box.

Contents (selected): 13b - Policy, rights and local forest management: the case of Himachal Pradesh, India (Hobley); 13c - The forest Ejidos of south-east Mexico: a case study of participatory natural forest management (Richards); 13d - 14b - Participatory land-use planning for natural resource management in Northern Thailand (Tan-Kim-Yong); 14c - A tale of two approaches: conventional questionnaire surveys vs PRA (Inglis); Harmony and conflict between NTFP use and conservation in Korup National Park (Amadi); Traditional uses of native shrubs in the South of Puno (Torres, Borel, Bustamente, Centeno), Pitsawying groups of northern Honduras: progress and problems (Richards), 17a - A tale of two committees: villager perspectives on local institutions, forest management and resource use in two central Himalayan Indian villages (Britt-Kapoor); 17b - Participatory forestry in Sri Lanka: why so limited? change on the horizon (Carter, Connelly, Wilson); 17c - Incentives in community forestry projects: a help or a hindrance? (Smith); 17d - Developments towards participatory forest management on Mount Cameroon...(Watts); 17e - From the field: Participatory mapping for community forestry (Jackson, Nurse, Singh), A learner-centered approach to social skills for technical foresters (Smith); 19a - Forestry on customary-owned land: some experiences in the South Pacific (Mohamed, Clark); 19b - Pursuing the 'D' in integrated conservation and development projects (ICADPs): issues and challenges in Papua New Guinea (Sekhran); Translating dry data for forestry communities: science offers incentives for conservation (Shanley, Luz, Galvao, Cymerys), Eliciting community knowledge about uses of trees through participatory rural appraisal methods...(Vabi); 20a - Developing institutions for community forestry in Northern California (Danks), 20c -Thinking politically about community forestry and biodiversity: insider-driven initiatives in Scotland (Jeanrenaud, Jeanrenaud); The Swedish common forests: a common property resource in an urban, industrial society (Carlsson), Canada's Model Forest Program Bringing community forest values into the development of sustainable forest management in the Canadian context (Hall), Learning from a participatory forestry experience in Bulgaria (Pimbert); Landcare in Australia: talking local sustainability in policy, practice and place (Brown).

Panos Institute; Caribbean Natural Resources Institute; CANARI. Community and the environment : lessons from the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Panos, 1993. 3v.

Contents: v1. Protected areas and community management. v2. Community participation in St. Lucia. v3. A collaborative approach to monitoring Caribbean reefs.

Pinkerton, Evelyn. Co-operative management of local fisheries. Vancouver, BC: U of BC Press, 1989.

Abstract: This book combines the perspectives of many different disciplines. It overviews the development of both theory and practice of co-management. It gives special attention to both theory and practice, and the relationship between the two. Finally, it emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to the problem of fisheries management.

Pinkerton, Evelyn and Martin Weinstein. Fisheries that work: sustainability through community-based management. Vancouver, B.C.: David Suzuki Foundation, 1995. 199 p.

Contents: 1. Opportunities and problems in fisheries management institutions; 2. Small villages on the shores of Lake Titicaca, Peru; 3. Cost recovery salmon enhancement associations, Alaska; 4. The Kuskokwim River management working group, Alaska; 5. The Skeena Watershed Committee, British Columbia; 6. Gitksan management of subsistence and commercial salmon fisheries, Skeena River, British Columbia; 7. Management of inshore fisheries by Japanese co-operative associations; 8. Community-management in Gulf of Mexico and Long Island oyster fisheries; 9. Community management of Korean seaweed fisheries; 10. A multi-party clam management board, Sunshine coast, B.C.; 11. A multi-party watershed management working group on the Mitchell River, Queensland, Australia; 12. Shuswap multi-party watershed planning committees; 13 The Kennedy Lake Salmonid Technical Working Group and The West Coast Sustainability Association; 14. Newfoundland inshore cod fisheries; 15. Synthesis and conclusion: principles for success.

Abstract: This report looks at what co-operatively and sustainably-managed fishery systems have in common. How do government managers share power with fisherman's organizations and communities? How do these systems make both government and fishermen accountable? What makes them function effectively? How are different parties and communities represented in the management system? Who bears the costs of non-sustainable use and who enjoys the benefits of sustainable use? This report presents 10 case studies of sustainably managed fisheries with high levels of power sharing. A number of other cases are presented that ended in collapse. General principles are drawn from these experiences to help people make strategic choices.

Pomeroy, Robert S. and Fikret Berkes. "Two to tango : the role of government in fisheries co-management". Marine Policy 21(5 : 1997): 465-480.

Pye-Smith, Charlie, Grazia Borrini and Richard Sandbrook. The wealth of communities : stories of success in local environmental management. London: Earthscan, 1994. 224 p.

Contents: Calcutta : the Mudialy Fishermen's Cooperative Society; Nepal : Annapurna Conservation Area Project; Zimbabwe : CAMPFIRE; Uganda : Pallisa Community Development Trust; Mauritania : Second Livestock Project; Krakow : The Green Federation; Los Angeles : WATCHDOG; Costa Rica : San Miguel Association for Conservation and Development; Ecuador : Licto and Salinas Communities; The Philippines : The Hook and Line Fishers' Organization; Conclusions : Anything new?, What Makes a difference?, What next?

Abstract: This book tells the stories of ten communities from around the world and their efforts at developing sustainable livelihoods and improving their local environment through community action. The authors discuss the activities and opinions of key individuals and community groups in each community.

Rennie, J. Keith and Naresh C. Singh. Participatory research for sustainable livelihoods : a guidebook for field projects. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1996. 122 p.

Contents: (Selected) 1 - Introduction; 2 -Project concepts, design, and organization: The eco-system based approach, Participatory approach to research, Terms and concepts, Project stages, Project scope and initial preparation (stage one), Duration or time scale; 3 - Project set-up: Country...site and implementing agency selection (stage two), First workshop (Stage three), Topics for research, Conclusion of workshop one; 4 - Preparing for participatory research: Preparing the research team, Literature review, Selection of field research methods - an overview, Indicators: "expert" derived, Preparing the community, Entry points; 5 - Conducting field research: A generic field strategy - the approach, Spatial. time and socio-economic elements, Preliminary synthesis and identification of topics for special investigation, Articulation of adaptive strategies leading to sustainable livelihoods, Indicators; 6 - Policy and process issues: Policy analysis - the second circle, Process - knowledge sharing, local empowerment, and NGO empowerment; 7 - Outputs and follow-up: Community level output, Policy level output, Community follow-up and evaluation, Consolidation and review workshop (Stage five), Conclusion.

Abstract: This publication is a guidebook for performing field projects on adaptive strategies. The reader is taken through six stages of project execution. There is a review of the research problematic and the underlying concepts, key theorems and hypothesis. The author provides principles for the selection of countries and NGOs or consultants for field research, and initial preparations for the country projects. The author presents a number of participatory field work methods and techniques, with examples from actual project experiences built into a generic field investigation. Policy analysis is performed as part of project execution, specifically considering socio-economic conditions and the total external environment impinging on the community's livelihood system. The last part of this guidebook discusses the various outputs that are expected from the project and the use of these outputs at local, national, and international levels.

Riewe, Rick and Jill Oakes (eds.). Biological implications of global change : northern perspectives. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute CCI, 1994. 114 p.

Contents: Introduction: climate change; Traditional knowledge and climate change; Impacts on northern agricultural and hydro development; Impacts of climate change on vegetation; Impacts on climate change on wildlife; Research and policy development.

Astract: The papers in this collection were first presented at a workshop held October 1992. Topics include: insights of a hunter on climatic variations; implications of global warming on the boreal and subarctic regions of western Canada; response of northern peatlands to climate change; arctic insects and global change; implications for animal agriculture; Dene knowledge on climate; regional aspects of global warming; among others.

Ruddle, Kenneth and R. E. Johannes (eds.). The traditional knowledge and management of coastal systems in Asia and the Pacific: papers presented at a UNESCO-ROSTSEA regional seminar held at the UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia: 5 - 9 December, 1983. Jakarta, Indonesia: UNESCO, 1985. 313 p.

Contents: A - Oceania: Introduction; Tokelau fishing in traditional and modern contexts (Hooper), A traditional base for inshore fisheries development in the Solomon Islands (Baines), Traditional management and conservation of fisheries in Kiribati and Tuvalu Atolls (Zann), Marine resource use in Papua New Guinea: can traditional concepts and contemporary development be integrated? (Wright), Traditional management of the littoral zone among the Yolngu of North Australia (Davis), Torres Strait Islander sea resource management and sea rights (Nietschmann); B - Asia: The continuity of traditional management practices: the case of Japanese coastal fisheries (Ruddle), Traditional management of coastal systems in China (Wu), Notes on traditional fisheries in the Philippines (Lopez), The management and development of southeast Asian small-scale fisheries and the example of the Bubun Coastal Village Development Project, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia (Darus), Tambak systems in the Karawang coast of West Java: a case study of traditional coastal resource use (Muluk), The traditional management of marine resources in Indonesia, with particular reference to Central Java (Sya'rani, Willoughby); An introduction to the socio-economic aspects of a developing coastal area in South Sulawesi, Indonesia (Makaliwe et al), An approach to the study of traditional systems of coastal resources management in Thailand (Hinton); Results of the seminar; Annex 1; Annex 2.

Abstract: This publication contains a series of papers that discuss the use of traditional knowledge in the management coastal resources in the Coastal areas of Asia and the Pacific.

Scoones, Ian; Thompson, John (eds). Beyond farmer first : rural people's knowledge, agricultural research and extension practice. London: IT Publications, 1994. 301 p.

Contents: (Selected): Theoretical reflections on knowledge, power and practice (Indigenous management and indigenous knowledge); Methodological innovations, applications and challenges (Participatory methods and political processes: linking grassroots actions and policy-making for sustainable development in Latin America); Transforming institutions and changing policies (Village managed extension systems: implications for policy and practice).

Abstract: Selection of case studies and discussion papers prepared for the 1992 Beyond Farmer First Conference organized by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) as part of their research programme: Beyond Farmer First: Rural People's Knowledge, Agricultural Research and Extension Practice.

Seabrook, Jeremy. Pioneers of change : experiments in creating a humane society. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers, 1993. 242 p.

Contents: Introduction; Biotechnology and genetic diversity; Revalidating traditional knowledge; Protecting cultural diversity; Permaculture: building on what we have; Actually existing alternatives; Human rights: a dynamic process; The urban poor: an invisible resource; Defending the biosphere; Counting the real costs: the western model, mirages and miracles; Making visible: the radiation threat; Small is still beautiful; Regenerating local communities; Learning from the south: revitalizing the north; Empowerment: unity of intellectuals and activists; Lessons from a decayed alternative; The spiritual dimension of green politics; Human scale development; Limiting consumerism; Peace after the cold war; Imaging the future.

Abstract: This book describes some of the individuals and movements in both North and South who are seeking to develop new visions of society and to experiment in practical ways with new lifestyles, new paths of development and new relations with Nature. All of them share a belief in the value of diversity - genetic, cultural and individual and challenge the dominant world view with its monochrome future of endless consumerism. The individuals and groups whose work is described in this book have all been recipients of the Right Livelihood Award. This annual award, widely known as the Alternative Nobel Prize, is presented in recognition of pioneering efforts in the areas of peace, sustainable development, environmental integrity, social justice and human rights.

Serageldin, Ismail; Michael A. Cohen and Josef Leitmann (eds.). Enabling sustainable community development. Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series no. 8. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995. 48 p.

Contents: Introduction; Communities speak; Cross-cutting lessons; Learning from international support; Conclusion.

Abstract: Participation is the cornerstone of sustainable community development. Contributors to this conference all agree that it must be inclusive, and that people must be well-informed so that their communities can make good choices and reach consensus on them.

Shah, Parmesh. "Farmers as analysts, facilitators and decision-makers". In Power and participatory development : theory and practice, Nici Nelson and Susan Wright (eds.). London : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1995. p. 83-94.

Abstract: examines the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme which seeks to involve villagers in the collection, analysis and use of data and as facilitators of a participatory appraisal and planning process.

Singh, Naresh and Laurie Ham (eds.). Community-based resources management and sustainable livelihoods : the grass-roots of sustainable development. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute of Sustainable Development, 1995. 155 p.

Conference: Community-based Resources Management Conference (1995 : Winnipeg)

Contents: Community-based resources management and sustainable livelihoods : the grass-roots of sustainable development (Naresh, Ham); Watershed community development - planning for sustainable livelihoods (Oborne); Sustainable livelihoods and the Manitoba Model Forest - a top down initiative to foster bottom-up sustainable resource management at the regional level (Miller); Changing property rights and the pastoral livelihood in the Kulu Valley, Himalayas, Northwest India (Davidson-Hunt); Managing the commons for sustainable livelihoods - the contract system in rural China (Zhang); Restoring sustainable livelihoods in Lesotho (Letsela); Traditional knowledge as an adaptive strategy for sustainable livelihoods among the Western James Bay Cree (Ohmagari); NGO and community partnerships in support of sustainable livelihoods - notes on rural development in and around Cagayan de Oro, the Philippines (Kucey).

Abstract: The papers in this compendium are the result of some of the presentations made at the Community Based Resource Management Conference hosted by the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Manitoba, 27-29 April, 1995. The selections in this volume discuss community-based resource management and follow four basic themes: (a) a "people approach" to resource management, (b) attention to the local knowledge held by resource users, (c) focus on property rights, and (d) focus on institutions among the users.

Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds.). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : community studies : Burkina Faso. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute of Sustainable Development,1995. 25 p.

Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction; Noungou: System of land ownership, Religious beliefs, Climate and ecology, Farming methods, Livestock production, Indigenous knowledge and technological innovation, Local organisations, Adaptive strategies; Menegou; Physical characteristics, Traditional institutions and regulations, Adaptive strategies; Some key policy issues: Policies which affect the livestock sector, Intensive agriculture, Cereals, Intensive farming of vegetables, Policies which affect the irrigation infrastructure, Technological research, Noungou; Indicators of sustainable development; Conclusions and recommendations: Gradual implementation of policy, Livestock, Vegetable market, Irrigation infra-structure, Adaptive strategies.

Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It brings together the community and policy level aspects of the project, specifically the livelihood systems of the village communities of Noungou and Menegou, the environmental and socio-political challenges on their livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, the indicators of sustainable livelihoods, as well as the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Burkina Faso.

Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds.). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : community studies : Zimbabwe. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute of Sustainable Development, 63+ p.

Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Research process and methodology, Lessons learnt; Mudzi district: 1 - Geographical location, 2 - Historical profile of the community, 3 - Rationale for site selection, 4 - Current state of knowledge, 5 - Adaptive and coping strategies, 6 - Community indicators of sustainable livelihoods; Gwanda district : 7 - Geographical location, 8 - Historical profile of the community, 9 - Rationale for site selection, 10 - Current state of knowledge, 11 - Adaptive and coping strategies, 12 - Community indicators of sustainable livelihoods; 13 - Summary and comparison of adaptive strategies in Gwanda and Mudzi; 14 - Empowerment aspects and links of contemporary knowledge.

Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the community-level aspects of the study, specifically the livelihood systems of Makaha and Mlambaphele in the Mudzi and Gwanda districts, respectively, of Zimbabwe; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities. The report also discusses the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Zimbabwe.

Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds.). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: community studies: South Africa. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1996. 173 p.

Contents: (Selected) Abstract; Preface; Introduction and background; Macro-context and existing knowledge of the study area; Village case study; Process and methodology; Village case study; Community outputs; Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods; Conclusions.

Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It brings together the community and policy level aspects of the project, specifically the livelihood systems of the people of Tshunelani and Mbhumuba in the Bushbuckridge district, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa, the environmental and socio-political challenges on their livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, the indicators of sustainable livelihoods, as well as the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in South Africa.

Singh, Naresh, Perpetua Kalala and Fanuel Nangati (eds.). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: policy issues : Zimbabwe. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute of Sustainable Development, 1995. 43 p.

Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Land use policy in Zimbabwe (c.1890-1980), Political and socio-economic developments, Ecological zones and some consequences of land-use policy, Land use policy since 1980, Macro-economic and trade developments, Beef export and the Lome Convention, Pricing and marketing measures for crops, Trade liberalization; Policy constraints and challenges; The Makaha case study: Historical profile, Environmental situation, Social environment, Local and policy issues, Rationale for choice of the area, The current situation, Demographic profile - Mudzi district, Employment opportunities, Crop farming, Mining, Services available, Adaptive strategies in the community; Gwanda district: Historical profile, Challenges, Adaptive strategies for livelihood before independence, Current state of knowledge, Service provision, Ecosystems, Values and beliefs, Common property resource control, Technological innovations, Adaptive and coping strategies; Adaptive strategies, sustainable livelihoods and policy issues; Conclusion.

Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the policy-level aspects of the project, discussing the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Zimbabwe. It also presents summaries of the key community level findings; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems of Makaha and Mlambaphele in the Mudzi and Gwanda districts, respectively, of Zimbabwe; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities.

Singh, Naresh and Vangile Titi. Empowerment : towards sustainable development. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing, 1995. 198 p.

Contents: Empowerment for sustainable development: an overview; Poverty, processes of impoverishment and empowerment: a review of current thinking and action (Tandon); Environmental entitlements: towards empowerment for sustainable development (Mearns); Restructuring government for empowerment and sustainable development (Sellers); Law reform for sustainable development: legalizing empowerment (VanderZwaag); Training in the context of poverty alleviation and sustainable development (Goodale); Critical education for social change in the context of sustainable development (Barndt); Transformative education and environmental action in the Ecozoic era (Hall and Sullivan); Building upon local creativity and entrepreneurship in vulnerable environments (Gupta et al); Community-based management and co-management as tools for empowerment (Berkes); Indigenous knowledge as an empowerment tool for sustainable development (Dei); Social analysis: the case of the women and the law approach to development in Zambia (Mushota); Engaging stakeholders in a process of change towards sustainable development (Titi and Singh).

Abstract: This book is a collection of edited presentations from a workshop held in November 1993. Part I provides an overview of concepts, empowerment methods and challenges. Part II highlights the potential for change, including legal and institutional development. Part III examines education as an empowerment tool in the sustainable development process. Part IV looks at building upon empowerment strategies that have been tried and tested to support sustainable development goals. Part V attempts to bring coherence to the apparently diverse issues raised in the discussions and highlights some of the underlying principles, including accountability and democracy, which must inform an operational strategy of empowerment for sustainable development.

Smith, Peggy; Grant Scott and Garry Merkel. Aboriginal forest land management guidelines : a community approach. Golden Lake, ON: National Aboriginal Forestry Association, 1995. 1v.

Contents: I - Introduction; II - Community participation; III - Administration and training; IV - Forest land management plan; V - Inventories and mapping; VI - Forest protection; VII - Access (roads, trails, waterways and air); VIII - Water and soil; IX - Protected or special management areas; X - Fire protection; XI - Biodiversity; XII - Insect and disease protection; XIII - Forest values; XIV - Fish and wildlife; XV - Non-timber vegetation; XVI - Range; XVII - Recreation and landscape; XVIII - Timber harvest and renewal.

Abstract: These guidelines are a tool developed by NAFA to help plan and carry out activities on forest lands used by Aboriginal peoples. The Guidelines describe those things that should be considered when planning and carrying out forest uses, including harvesting and renewing stands of timber, fish and wildlife management, range management, gathering, recreation and other forest-related activities such as spiritual ceremonies. These Guidelines aim to outline a high standard of care for Aboriginal forest lands by describing ways for a community to: minimize the negative impact of human disturbances such as logging, cattle grazing, hunting and trapping, recreation and other uses, and renew and protect vegetation, wildlife, soil, water, spiritual, cultural, wilderness and other forest values. These guidelines are not a rigid set of standards. They are intended to provide a framework for Aboriginal communities to develop their own forest land management plans.

Society for International Development. International conference on sustainable village based development. Boulder, CO: SID, 1993. 5 volumes.

Abstract: Discusses aspects of sustainable village-based development based on the experiences of NGOs, PVOs and individuals who have been successful in isolated cases with helping people in the rural villages. They have worked with indigenous people in villages who were involved in every step of the process from project design and planning to implementation of resource management strategies and evaluations.

Stiles, Daniel (ed.) Social aspects of sustainable dryland management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. 313 p.

Contents: Part I - Social dimensions and concepts of desertification: 1 - An overview of desertification as dryland degradation (Stiles), 2 - Social dimensions of desertification: a review of key issues (Barraclough); Part II - Participatory approaches and methods: 3 - The active method of participatory research and planning (MARP) as a natural resource management tool (Gueye), 4 - Supporting local natural resource management institutions: experience gained and guiding principles (Evers), 5 - Departure points: Researchers, rural communities and the transfer of technology (Ayling), 6 - Rajasthan's Camel Pastoralists and NGOs: the view from the bottom (Kehler-Rollefson) Part III - Social aspects of dryland management: 7 - Sustainable growth in Machakos, Kenya (Mortimore, Tiffen, Gichuki), 8 - Natural resource management in pastoralist Africa (Behnke), 9 - Indigenous peoples, resource management, and traditional tenure systems in African dryland environments (Hitchcock); Part IV - Indigenous knowledge: 10 - Listening to the people: the use of indigenous knowledge to curb environmental degradation (Hausler), 11 - Protection of forests and other natural resources: a view from Central America (Inatoy), 12 - Using indigenous knowledge for sustainable dryland management: a global perspective (Warren, Rajasekaran); Part V - Gender issues in natural resource management: 13 - Gender and participation in environment and development projects in the drylands (Horowitz, Jowkar), 14 - Rural middle eastern women and changing paradigms (Horowitz, Jowkar), 15 - The impact of social and economic change on pastoral women in east and west Africa, 16 - A view from within: Maasai women looking at themselves (Duden); Part VI - Government policies: 17 - Environmental degradation and public policy in Latin America (Uquillas), 18 - Government policies to promote good dryland management (Stiles); Part VII - Conclusions.

Abstract: This book attempts to address the overall problem of land degradation and provides ways in which dryland productivity and viability can be increased and managed in future years. The volume bases its results on case studies and field research projects, and encourages a greater involvement of the local population in developing methods of management of their own natural resources. A central focus is on the use of participatory approaches of natural resources management, the use of indigenous knowledge, and the consideration of gender issues.

Tzoumis, Kelly A. and Michael McMahon. Who participates and defines the issue in Brownfield Programs? (s.l.): The authors, 1996. 18 p.

Conference: Conference on the Small City and Regional Community (1996 : Louisville, Kentucky)

United Kingdom. Department of the Environment. Partnerships in practice : [case studies and proceedings of the three-day international conference] Partnerships for Change, Manchester, UK, in September 1993. London: UK Department of the Environment, 1994. 192 p.

Contents: (Selected): Case studies: Sustainable Seattle, USA; Curitiba City, Brazil; Tague Initiative, Ecuador; CAMPFIRE, Zimbabwe; INBio-Merck Collaborative Biodiversity Research Agreement, Costa Rica; Greenfreeze, the world's first completely ozone-safe fridge, Germany; Metro Manila Women's Garbage Recycling Programme, the Philippines; Landcare Programme, Australia; Sustainable communities, UK; Sustainable citizenship, Scottish Environmental Forum. Workshops: Sustainable resource management; Environment and health; Sustainable urban communities; Sustainable rural communities; Sustainable development policies for business; Sustainable development and employment; Appropriate technology; National sustainability strategies and plans; Local sustainability strategies and plans; Participation in decision making. Workshops: Business partnerships for sustainable development; Sustainable agriculture; Sustainability indicators. Statements: A change in partnerships for Africa; United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development; Earth Council; From Rio to the workplace: summary of ICFTU meeting; Global Forum '94.

Abstract: Conference designed to bring people together around a programme which would not be dominated by the interests of one national government but would draw upon a great variety of views and experiences related to both successes and failures of post-UNCED activities.

Western, David and R. Michael Wright (eds.) Natural connections : perspectives in community-based conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994. 581 p.

Contents: The background to community-based conservation (Western and Wright); Ecosystem conservation and rural development: the case of Amboselli (Western); The resurgence of community forest management in Eastern India (Poffenberger); Transforming customary law and coastal management practices in the Maluka Islands, Indonesia, 1870-1992 (Zerner); Managing wildlife with local communities in the Peruvian Amazon: the case of the Reserva Communal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo (Bodmer); Kakadu National Park: an Australian experience in co-management (Hill and Press); The Zimbabwe Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) (Metcalfe); Local initiatives and the rewards for biodiversity conservation: Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea (Pearl); BOSCOSA: forest conservation and management through local institutions (Donovan); Profile of national policy: natural forest management in Niger (Otto and Elbow); A profile and interim assessment of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (Wells); The farm scheme of North York Moors National Park, United Kingdom (Statham); Community-based approaches to wildlife conservation in neotropical forests (Robinson and Redford); Cultural traditions and community-based conservation (Kleymeyer); The link between local pariticpation and improved conservation: a review of issues and experiences; Tenurial rights and community-based conservation (Lynch and Alcorn); Community environmental action: the national policy context (Feldmann); The role of institutions in community-based conservation (Murphee); Economic dimensions of community-based conservation (Bromley); Ecological limits and opportunities for community-based conservation (Salafsky); Are successful community-based conservation projects designed or discovered? (Seymour); Linking conservation and community aspirations (Western); Lesson learned (Strum); Recommendations (Wright); A few big challenges (Western et al); Visions of the future: the new focus of conservation (Western).

Abstract: Focuses on rural societies and the conservation of biodiversity in rural areas. Includes a comprehensive examination of cases from around the world where the community-based approach is used.

White, Alan T. Two community-based marine reserves : lessons for coastal management. Manilla: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management; ICLARM,1989. 11 p.

Notes: In Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: policies, management strategies and case studies, by T.E. Chua and D. Pauly (eds.) ICLARM Conference Proceedings 19.

Abstract: This paper contrasts the results of two community-based marine resource management projects in southern Philippines. The small island sites of Apo, Negros and Sumilon, Cebu, both have fringing coral reefs and support local fishermen. The site benefited from management efforts initiated by Silliman University in the mid-1970s (Sumilon) and early 1980s (Apo). The process of implementing marine reserves is explained and compared. It is concluded that the involvement of the government and resident community was crucial to the success of management in Apo. Local politics is shown to have been a factor in the decline of the Sumilon reserve and thus needs to considered for localized management.

Wright, Susan and Nici Nelson (eds.). Power and participatory development : theory and practice. London: ITP, 1995. 208 p.

Contents: Participation and power (Nelson and Wright); Participation and power: a transformative feminist research perspective (Schrijvers); Paradigm shifts and the practice of participatory research and development (Chambers); Participatory research and participant observation: two incompatible approaches (Wright and Nelson); Theater for development: listening to the community (Mavrocordatos and Matin); A multi-method approach to the study of homelessness (Akilu); Who speaks for whom? Outsiders re-present women pioneers of the forests of Mexico (Townsend); Participatory research on non-European immigration to Italy (Maher); Power to the people: rethinking community development (Curtis); Shifting power, sharing power: issues from user-group forestry in Nepal (Gronow); Empowerment and community care for older people (Meethan); Local institutions and power: the history and practice of community management of tank irrigation systems in south India (Mosse); Institutionalizing adaptive planning and local level concerns: looking to the future (Pretty and Scoones); Participatory ideology and practical development; agency control in a fisheries project, Kariba Lake (Hussein); Non-governmental organizations and participatory development: the concept in theory versus the concept in practice (Lane); Popular participation in aid-assisted projects: why more in theory than practice? (Eyben and Ladbury).

Abstract: The book provides an exploration of the power dimensions of participatory development and research, and attempts to look at the shifts in power within communities and institutions which are needed for participatory ideas to be effective.

[Conference posters]. 14 p.

Conference: SANREM-CRSP Conference on Indicators for Sustainability

Contents: Includes: The EMAP-Agricultural Lands Program: assessing the ecological condition of farm land in the United States (Munster et al); Assessment of soil quality indicators in Albania (Zdruli et al); An evaluation of sustainable land management in the Cimanuk watershed, Java, Indonesia (Reich et al); Assessing biophysical constraints to sustainable agriculture in Africa (Almaraz and Eswaran); Showcase of sustainable agriculture information and educational materials (SANREM); Community-based indicators for water quality (Deutsch and Neely); Benefit sustainability continuum: integrated animal agriculture (Shumaker and Aaker); Indicators for sustainable food security (Benbrook); Sustainability indicators and issues: the case of Baranggay Halog in Lamut, Ifugao, Philippines (Serrano); Integrated village development plan for program sustainability (Oprandi); RESTORE: a research tool for natural resource management monitoring and evaluation (Lightfoot); Linking GIS, water quality model and an expert system to integrate scientific and indigenous knowledge in the Philippines (Boerboom and Flitcroft); Soil quality research at the national soil tilth laboratory (Siambi et al.); Earth and sustainable management of humid tropics of Latin America (Singh and Medarano); Indicators of sustainability: producer perspectives from North Central Regional sustainable agriculture research and education projects (Jasa and Waller); Key indicators of agricultural sustainability as identified in the context of Burkina Faso, West African site (Salibo et al); A framework for the identification, assessment and use of indicators of sustainability (Bellows); Using agricultural policy analysis to help solve natural resource problems: the USAID agricultural policy analysis project (Riley); The landscape and lifescape of the Manupali watershed (Alvarez et al); Community supported agriculture/regional marketing (Bartlett).

Journals and Newsletters

Fishermen and Scientists Research Society

Hook, Line and Thinker : the Newsletter of the Fishermen and Scientists Research Society.

P.O Box 25125 Halifax, NS, B3M 4H4

International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management.

Fisheries co-management news. Manila: ICLARM

Organizations & Internet Sites

Africa Resources Trust - Zimbabwe

P O Box HG 690, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe

Voice: (+263-4) 723 625

Fax: (+263-4) 795 150

Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources, CAMPFIRE Association

http://wildnetafrica.co.za/bushcraft/articles/document_campfire.html

c/o Africa Resources Trust - Zimbabwe

Caribbean Natural Resources Institute, CANARI

Clarke Street Vieux Fort

St. Lucia

Voice: (809) 454-6060

Fax: (809) 454-5188

and

1104 Strand Street, Suite 208 Christiansted, St. Croix 00820

Virgin Islands

Voice: (809) 773-9854

Fax: (809) 773-5770

Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development, CIKARD

http://www.physics.iastate.edu/cikard/cikard.html

318 Curtiss Hall Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011 U.S.A.

Voice: (515)294-9503

Fax: (515)294-1708

Email: polly@lastate.edu

Fisheries Resource Conservation Council

http://www.nrc.dfo.ca/frcc/index.htm

Fishermen and Scientists Research Society

http://atlenv.bed.doe.ca/success/051.html

P. O. Box 25125, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3M 4H4

Voice: (902) 443-6984

Fax: (902) 445-4844

International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, ICLARM

http://www.cgiar.org/iclarm/resprg/pria_1.htm

MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati City, Philippines

Voice: (63-2)818-9283

Fax: (63-2)816-3183

E-mail: iclarm@cgnet.com

International Institute for Sustainable Development .

Community Adaptation and Sustainable Livelihoods, CASL

http://iisd1.iisd.ca/casl/intro+defs/default.htm

161 Portage Ave., E. 6^th floor, Winnipeg, MB Canada R3B 0Y4

Voice: (204)958-7700

Fax: (204)958-7710

E-mail: reception@iisdpost.iisd.ca

Kakadu National Park Board of Management

http://www.erin.gov.au/portfolio/anca/manplans/kakadu/contents.html

Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Reserve Systems Unit

http://www.anca.gov.au/protecte/reserves/intro.htm

GPO Box 636, Canberra ACT 2601

Voice: (06) 250 0200

The Nature Conservancy

http://www.tnc.org

International Headquarters

1815 North Lynn Street,

Arlington Virginia 22209

Voice: (703) 841-5300