Bibliography from Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Livelihoods in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Project

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Bibliography from Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Livelihoods in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Project

General

Andersen, David, ed. Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practices. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press, 1989.

Atta El Moula, M.E. "Migration: Causes and effects: The case of Omodiat Burush". GeoJournal 25.1, (September 1991): 47-50.

Awori, A. and O. Odhiambo. Resource Journal for Sustainable Development in Africa. 1993.

Ayensu, Edward. "Africa." In Plant resources of arid and semi-arid lands: A global perspective, edited by Goodin J.R and D.K. Northington. London: Academic Press, Inc., 1985.

Behnke, R.H. and I. Scoones. Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangelands management in Africa. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1991.

Berhe, Costantinos. Human adaptation to marginal environments. IDS Working Paper, June 1990.

Berkes, F., P. George and R.J. Preston. "Co-management. The evolution in theory and practice of the joint administration of living resources." Alternatives 18 (1991): 12-18.

Beutel, F. K. Experimental jurisprudence and systems engineering in determining policy. 1995.

Bofinglioli, Angelo. Pastoralist at the cross-roads: Survival and development issues in African pastoralism. Nairobi: UNICEF/UNDO Project, 1992.

Bromley, Daniel W. Environment and economy: Property rights and public policy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

Chambers, R and Conway Gordon. Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper 296, February 1992.

Climate Network Africa. NGO role in promoting practical solutions to bridging the gap between indigenous communities, scientists and policy-makers. Paper presented at the IDRC-sponsored workshop on "Indigenous knowledge and desertification in Africa". Cairo, January 1994.

Cole, Donald P. & Selima Abdel Rehim. Indigenous knowledge, traditional coping strategies, and land degradation and desertification with special reference to Egypt's northwest coastal zone. Paper presented at the IDRC-sponsored workshop on "Indigenous knowledge and desertification in Africa". Cairo, January 1994.

Davies, Susanna. Versatile Livelihoods: Strategic adaptation to food insecurity in the Malian Sahel. IDS, February 1993. de Waal, A. A famine that kills: Dafur, Sudan 1984-1985. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Evans Brothers Ltd. Structural adjustment and poverty: A conceptual, emperical and policy framework. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1989.

Farrington, John and Anthony Bebbington. From research to innovation: Getting the most from interaction with NGOs in farming systems research and extension. IIED Gatekeeper Series no. 43, 1994.

Friedmann, John. Empowerment: The politics of alternative development. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Gallopin, G. Impoverishment and sustainable development: A systems approach mimeo.

Hãusler, Sabine. Listening to the people: Some reflections on the use of indigenous knowledge in strategies to curb environmental degradation. Paper presented at the UNEP-sponsored "International workshop on listening to the people: Social aspects of dryland management". Nairobi, December 1993.

Hebuke, Roy H. The commercialisation of pastoral land and livestock in Africa. 1984.

Ibrahim, Fouad N. and Ruppert Helmut. "The Role of Rural-Rural Migration as a Survival Strategy in the Sahelian Zone of the Sudan". GeoJournal 25.1 (September 1991): 31-38.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Inter-Commission Task Force on Indigenous People. Indigenous Peoples and Strategies for Sustainability. Workshop Summary Report. Switzerland, May 1993.

Katerere, Y., R. Mpande and K. Nhira. Impact of indigenous knowledge and traditional coping strategies on the prevention or mitigation of land degradation and the desertification process in Africa - The mixed production systems of southern Africa. Paper presented at the IDRC-sponsored workshop on "Indigenous knowledge and desertification in Africa". Cairo, January 1994.

Low, A.R.C. "Environmental and economic dilemmas for farm households in Africa: when 'low-input sustainable agriculture' translates to 'high-cost unsustainable livelihoods'." Environmental Conservation 21 (1994): 220-224.

Maedows, S.J. and J.M. White. Structure of the herd. 1979.

Mansuri, Bahman. Common knowledge and common property: User-based resource conservation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented at the IDRC-sponsored workshop on "Indigenous knowledge and desertification in Africa". Cairo, January 1994.

McGregor J.L., H.B. Gordon, I.G. Watterson, and M.R. Dix. The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. CSIRO Div. Atmos. Res. Tech. Pap. No. 26, Australia: CSIRO, 1993.

Murdock, P.G. Africa: Its peoples and their cultural history. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1959.

Mutiso, S.K. Adaptive strategies for sustainable livelihoods: A review and analysis of development policy for the arid and semi-arid lands. Paper presented at workshop on "Adaptive strategies for sustainable livelihoods in arid and semi-arid lands", Wits Rural Facility, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa 13-17, March, 1995.

NESDA. Proceedings of the NESDA Workshop on Indicators of Sustainable Development in Africa, Banjul, The GAMBIA May, 16-18, 1994.

Oba, Gufu. Application of patened resource paradigm in protected areas. Paper presented at the "Regional training workshop on protected management", College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania, 1990.

_____. Pastoral institutions, adaptive strategies and participatory resources management: Organizational development requisites and interface for pastoral disaster prevention in the Horn. Paper presented at the workshop on "Pastoral natural resource management and pastoral policy", Tanzania, December 1992.

Rennie, J. Keith and Naresh C. Singh. Participatory research for sustainable livelihoods in arid and semi-arid lands: A guide book for field projects on adaptive strategies. Winninpeg, Canada: IISD, 1995.

Rowntree, S. Poverty: A Study of Town Life. London: Macmilllan, 1901.

Salih, Mohammed. "Livestock development or pastoral development." In When the grass is gone: Development interventions in African arid-lands, edited by P. Baxter. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1987.

Salih, Mohamed and Abdel Ghaffaf Ahmed. The impact of indigenous knowledge and traditional coping strategies on the desertification process. Paper presented at the IDRC-sponsored workshop on "Indigenous knowledge and desertification in Africa". Cairo, January 1994.

Sen, Amartya. Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1982.

Singh, N. and V. Titi. Empowerment for sustainable development. Working paper. Winnipeg, Canada: IISD, 1993.

Smith, A.H. and F. Berkes. "Solutions to the 'Tragedy of the Commons': Sea urchin management in St. Lucia, West Indies." Environmental Conservation 18 (1991): 131-136.

Stiles, Daniel. "Ecological monitoring: The Senegal model". UNSO Technical Publication Series, No.1, (Spring 1990).

Stiles, Daniel. "The Gabbra: Traditional social factors in aspects of land-use management". Nomadic Peoples 30 (1992): 41-52.

Swift, Jeremy. Major issues in pastoral development with special emphasis on selected African countries. Rome: FAO, 1988.

Swift, Jeremy and Camilla Toulmin. Guidelines and strategies for pastoral development in Africa. Prepared for UNICEF/UNSO Project, 1992.

Titi, V. and N. Singh. Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands: In search of sustainable livelihoods. IISD working paper. Winnipeg, Canada: IISD, 1994.

Titi, V. and N. Singh. In search of sustainable livelihoods: Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands. Project outline and draft guide to researchers. Winnipeg, Canada: IISD, 1994.

United Nations. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992.

United Nations. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). United Nations convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. New York: UNEP.

United Nations. United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO). Assessment of desertification and drought in the Sudano-Sahelian region: 1995 - 1991. New York: UNSO, 1992.

United Nations. United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO). Alternative and sustainable systems of production and livelihoods in marginal lands. New York: UNSO/UNDP, 1992.

Vayda, A.P. Environment and cultural behaviour. New York: Natural History Press, 1969.

Vesa, Matti Loiske. "Political Adaptation: The case of the Wabaraig in Hanang District, Tanzania." In Adaptive strategies in African arid lands, edited by Mette Bovin & Leif Manger. Proceedings of a seminar at the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Uppsala, Sweden, 1990.

Warren, Michael. Using indigenous knowledge for sustainable dryland management: A global perspective. Paper presented at the UNEP "International Workshop on Listening to the People: Social Aspects of Dryland Management". Nairobi, December 1993.

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Our Common Future. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Yudelman, M. Africans on the land. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univesity Press, 1964.

Ethiopia

Ayele, G.M. Economic adaptation and competition for scarce resources: The Afar in the north-east Ethiopia. Bergen: Department of Anthropology, University of Bergen, 1986.

Brucke, John W. After the Derg: An assessment of rural land tenure in Ethiopia. Unpublished Mimeo, 1994.

Coppock, D.L. The Borana Plateau of southern Ethiopia - Synthesis of pastoral research development and change 1980-91 (Executive Summary). Addis Ababa: ILCA, 1993.

Desta, Asfaw. Study on selected nomadic areas: A report to the Ministry of Land Reform and Administration of the Government of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, 1973.

Ethiopia. Imperial Government of Ethiopia. The revised constitution of the empire of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Press, 1955.

Ethiopia. Provisional Military Administrative Council. Rural land reform proclamation of March 1975. 1975.

Fasil, Gebrekiros. The subsistence crisis in Africa: The case of Ethiopia. Nairobi: ICIPE Press, 1993.

Fecadu, Gedamu, et.al. A Study on Nomadic Areas of Ethiopia. Unpublished Mimeo. 1983

Helland, J. Development interventions and pastoral synamics in southern Ethiopia. Forthcoming.

Hillman, J.C. Ethiopia compendium wildlife conservation information. Addis Ababa: EWCO, 1993.

Hogg, R. "Continuity and change among the Boran in Ethiopia." In Conflict and decline of pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. 1989

Kazmin, V. Geological map of the Yavello Area. United Nations -Ethiopia Mineral Survey. Mimeograph. Addis Ababa: Institute of Geological Surveys, Ministry of Mines, 1971.

Kebede, Yimam. Afar nationalism in the Horn of Africa. BA Thesis, Addis Ababa University, 1994.

Lewis, I.M. "The Afar (Danakil)." In People of the Horn of Africa, 155-173. London: International African Institute, 1955.

Pausewang, Siegfried, et.al., eds. Ethiopia: Rural Development Options. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1990.

Pichi-Sermolli, R.E.G. "Una carta geobtanica dell'Africa Orientale (Eritrea, Etiopia, Somalia)." Webbia 13 (1957): 15-132.

Savard, G.C. "Cross-cousin marriage among the patrilineal Afar." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, pp. 89-98. 1966.

Sebsebe, Alemneh. Hydrogeology of Yabello Sheet (NB37 - 14). Mimeog. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Ministry of Mines, 1989.

Tamene, Yigzaw. A review of case study with particular reference to Boran pastoralist system in Ethiopia. Conference paper on pastoralism in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture, 1993.

Kenya

Akatch, S.O.. S.K. Mutiso, N. Kipuru and O. Owiro. Land use and land tenure in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992.

Anders, Hjort af Ornãs. "Production versus environment? Planning resource management and ecological adaptation in Kenyan drylands." In Adaptive Strategies in African Arid Lands, edited by Mette Bovin & Leif Manger. Proceedings of a seminar at the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Uppsala, Sweden, 1990.

Awori, A. and O. Odhiambo. Resources: A Journal for Sustainable Development in Africa Vol. 4. No.2 (1993).

Awuondo, Casper. "Approaches to development of Kenya's arid land resources." Resources Journal (1989).

Brownstein, L. Education and development in rural Kenya: a study of primary school graduates. Prager Publishers, 1972.

Campell, D. and S.E. Migot-Adholla. The development of Kenya's semi-arid lands. Occassional paper No.36. IDS, University of Nairobi, 1981.

Chemonics. Livestock and meat industry development study: Final report. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, 1977.

Collect, David. "Pastoralists and wildlife: Image and reality in Kenya Masaai land." In Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practice, edited by David Anderson and Richard Grove, 129-148. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Court, D. amd K. Kabiru. Development policy and education: The experience of Kenya and Tanzania. Occassional Paper No. 33. IDS University of Nairobi, 1978.

D'Souza, H. The progress of African education in Kenya: The colonial period. Pragger Publishers, 1975. Economic Review Magazine (August 1994).

Grandin B. E. and P. Lambuya. "The impact of the 1984 drought on Olkarkar group ranch, Kajiado, Kenya". ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper. 1987.

Kajiado ASAL Programme. Kajiado District atlas, ASAL Programme. 1990.

Kajiado ASAL Programme. The future of the Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado District. Proceedings of a Conference. 1990.

Kajiado ASAL Programme. The future of the Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado District. Proceedings of a Conference. 1992.

Karinge, P., L. Kangethe, J. Maina, and A. Ligunya. In search of sustainable livelihoods, adaptive strategies of the poor in the arid and semi-arid lands. Nairobi: KENGO, 1995.

Kelly, K. Taking stock: Oxfam's experience of re-stocking in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxfam, 1993.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. District development plan. Kajiado District (1989-1993). Nairobi: Government Printer, 1989.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. District development plan. Meru District (1989-1993). Nairobi: Government Printer, 1989.

Kenya. Government of Kenya: Development plan, 1964-1970. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1964.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development plan, 1974-1978. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1974.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development plan, 1979-1983. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1979.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development plan, 1984-1988. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1984.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development plan 1989-1993. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1989.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development plan 1994-1996. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1994.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Development policy for the arid and semi arid lands (ASAL). Nairobi: Government Printer,1992.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Sessional paper No.1. of 1965. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1965.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Sessional paper No.1 of 1986: Economic management for renewable growth. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1986.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1986: Economic management for renewed growth. Government Printer; Nairobi 1986.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Ministry of Land Reclamation and Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Areas and Wastelands. Environmental action plan for arid and semi-arid lands in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1992.

Kenya. Government of Kenya. Ministry of Land Reclamation and Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Areas and Wastelands. Arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya: A framework for implementation, programme planning and evaluation. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1979.

Kenya. Government of Kenya Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The Kenya National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) Report, Nairobi: Government Printer,1994.

Kibwana, K. "Land tenure." In Themes in Kenyan history, edited by R.W. Ochieng. Heineman Kenya and James Currey Publishers, 1990.

Kimenye, D. "Drought management in pastoral economies." Resources Journal KENGO.

King, J. M., A.R. Sayer, C.P. Peacock and E. Cotroler. Maasai herd and flock structure in relation to household livestock wealth and cropland development. ILCA working document. 1982

Kipuri, Naomi. Ph.D. Thesis. 1989.

Little, Peter D. Land use conflicts in agricultural/pastoral borderlands: The case of Kenya. 1987.

Meadows, S.J. and J.M. White. "Structure of the herd and determination of offtake rates in Kajiado district in Kenya 1962-1977" ODI Pastoral Network Papers 7d. 1979.

Meadows, S.J. and J.M. White. "Cattle herd structures in Kenya's pastoral rangelands." ODI Pastoral Network Papers. 1981

Meryman, James. "Ecological stress and adaptive response, a study of drought induced nomad settlement in Northern Kenya." The Panafricanist. 1979

Migot-adholla S. E. and Peter D. Little. "Evolution of policy towards the development of pastoral areas in Kenya;" In The future of pastoral people, edited by J. Galaty. 1979.

Mukhisa Kituyi. Becoming Kenyans - the political economy of the pastoralist Maasai. 1989.

Mutiso, S.K. The role played by African organisations in the fight for African rights up to 1945: Historical texts of early political associations in Kenya. Kenyatta University, 1977.

Mutiso, S.K. Water Resources and Crop Production in Machakos District Kenya. Ph.D Thesis. Reading, UK: University of Reading, 1988.

Mutiso, S.K. "Rainfall." In More people less erosion: Environmental recovery and dryland management, edited by M. Tiffen, M. Mortimure, and Gichuru. John Wiley, 1994.

Ntimama, Ole William. "Their lives threatened by greedy speculators, pastoralists are saying." Sunday Nation, 1 October 1995.

Oba, G. Application of patened resource paradigm. 1990.

Ochieng, R.W. A modern history of Kenya, 1895-1980. 1989.

Ochieng, R.W., ed. Themes in Kenyan history. Heineman Kenya and James Currey Publishers, 1990.

Ominde, S.H. Kenya Education Commission, 1964 Ministry of Education report, Nairobi. 1964.

Otiende, J.E. "Education since the early times." In Themes in Kenyan history, edited by R.W. Ochieng, 145-154. Heineman Kenya and James Currey Publishers, 1990.

Sarone, Ole Sena. Education and socio-economic change: Maasai response in Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis Mcgill University, 1985.

Simanowtz, A. The development implications of micro-economic policy and structural adjustment in Kyuso, Kenya. Action Aid - Kenya, 1994.

Sindiga, I. "Health and Disease." In Themes in Kenyan history, edited by R.W. Ochieng. Heineman Kenya and James Currey Publishers, 1990.

Tiffen, Mary and Michael Mortimore. "Environment, Population Growth and Productivity in Kenya: A Case Study of Machakos District". IIED Issues Paper 47, (January 1994).

Tigania Integrated Development Programme. Annual Reports and Project Document. 1994.

Van, R. and A. King. A Modern History of Kenya, 1895-1980. 1971.

Western, D. "Amboseli." Swara Vol. 5,4 (1982): 4-8.

Wortman, P. N. "Programming, planning and evaluation: A system for assessing social policy." In Policy studies and social sciences, edited by S.S. Nagel. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1995.

South Africa

Acocks, J.P.H. Veld types of South Africa. 13rd. edn. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, no. 57. Pretoria: Botanical Research Institute,1988.

Bureau for Market Research (BMRS). Bureau for Market Research Report. Midrand: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1986.

Bonner, P.L. and K. Shapiro. "Company town, company estate: Pilgrim's Rest, 1910-1932." Journal of Southern African Studies 19, 2 (1993): 171-200.

Buchan, A.J.C. Grazing resources of the Makatini flats and Pongola floodplain: Production, use and significance in the local socio-economy. Investigative report no. 32. Pietermartizburg: Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, 1988.

Chunett, Fourie and Partners. Sabie River water resources. Development study. RSA Department of Water Affairs: Planning Directorate, 1987.

Cobbett, M. "The land question in post-apartheid South Africa: a preliminary assessment." In Towards freehold: Options for land and development in South Africa's black rural areas, edited by C. Cross and R. Haines. Cape Town: Juta, 1988.

Coleman, P., C. Dolan, and R. Russo. Village development programme. Internal report on an income and expenditure survey conducted in five self-help groups of the Mhala-Mapulaneng Association. Health Services Development Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, 1992.

Colvin, P.M., P. Zacharias and P. De Jager. Southern Maputaland livestock development survey. investigative report no. 40. Pietermarizburg: Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, 1989

Cousins, B. "Livestock production and agrarian reform in South Africa." In Community perspectives on land and agrarian reform in South Africa, edited by R. Levinand D. Weiner. Chicago: Macarthur Foundation,1994.

Davies, S.J. The importance of browse in late dry season and early wet season diets of cattle and goats in a communal area of the eastern Transvaal lowveld. MSc thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand,1993.

Davies, B.R. and J.A. Day. The biology and conservation of South Africa's vanishing waters. Centre for extra-mural studies. University of Cape Town,1986

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). Gazankulu Development Information Vol I and II. Midrand: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1986.

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). Development Information Region G. Midrand: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1990.

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). Development Information Region G: Agriculture and Forestry. Midrand: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1991

Delius, P. "Abel Erasmus: Power and profit in the Eastern Transvaal." In Putting a Plough to the Ground: Accumulation and Dispossession in Rural South Africa, 1850-1930, edited by W. Beinart, P. Delius and S. Trapido. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1986.

Dzerefos, C.M., S.E. Shackleton, C.M. Shackleton, and F.M. Mathebela. Use of edible herbs and fruits from the Bushbuckridge region of the Eastern Transvaal lowveld. In-house report. Klaserie: Wits Rural Facility, 1995.

Fischer, A.T. "Land Tenure in Mhala: Official wisdom 'locked up' in tradition and people 'locked up' in development." Development Southern Africa. 4, 3 (1987): 502-19.

Gear, J.S.S., K.A. Jeenes, F.M. Mathebela, S.R. Pollard, S.E. Shackletonand J.J. Stadler. Lessons from the IISD study on adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods in Tshunelani, Bushbuckridge. Paper presented at the WRF Research Conference, April 1995.

Geerdts, P.V., P.V. Hall, and H.G. Strijdom. Information for development planning in Lebowa: Income and expenditure. Pretoria: HSRC, 1990.

Griffin, N.J., D. Banks, J. Mavarandonis, C.M. Shackleton, and S.E. Shackleton. Household energy and wood use in a peripheral rural area of the eastern Transvaal lowveld. Klaserie: University of the Witwatersrand, 1992

Harries, P. "Kinship, ideology and the nature of pre-colonial labour migration." In Industrialization and Social Change in South Africa, edited by S. Marks and R. Rathbone. London: Longman, 1982.

Harries, P. Aspects of poverty in Gazankulu: Three case studies. Carnegie Conference Paper No. 67. Cape Town: SALDRU, University of Cape Town, 1984.

Harries, P. "Exclusion, classification and internal colonialism: The emergence of ethnicity among the Tsonga-speakers of South Africa." In The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa, edited by L. Vail. London: James Currey, 1989.

Harrison, Y.A. Herbaceous recovery of communal grasslands after the removal of high continuous grazing pressure. Msc thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1993.

Higgins, S.I. Relationships between different management regimes and the species composition and structure of woody vegetation in an ecologically homogenous zone of the eastern Transvaal lowveld. Bsc Hons. thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1992.

Heron, G.S. "The household economic differentiation and agricultural production in Shixini." Transkei. Development Southern Africa 8 (1991): 47-60.

Holden, P.L. Identifying constraints on small-scale crop agricultural production in the Mhala region of Gazankulu. Bsc Hons. thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1991.

Indicator SA 4/3 (1987).

Infraplan. Mhala regional planning study. Pretoria: Infraplan, 1989.

Jacklin, H.J. Schooling in Gazankulu. Unpublished report.

Jacklin, H.J. Inherit the wind: A report on education in Lebowa. Unpublished report.

Jeenes, K.A. VIP sanitation for schools and clinics in the Eastern Transvaal lowveld. Wits Rural Facility, University of the Witwatersrand.

Kotze, J.C. "Children and the family in a rural settlement in Gazankulu." African Studies 51, 2 (1992).

Lenta, G. "Food production in the homelands: constraints and remedial policies." In S. African Natural Science Programme. Report no. 116: Basic needs in rural areas. Pretoria: CSIR, 1985.

Liston, R.J. The impact of fuelwood harvesting on the woody vegetation dynamics of the Timbavati communal lands from 1989 - 1993. Bsc Hons. thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1993.

Luvhimbi, B.T. The effect of electrification on energy usage in a rural community (Green Valley). BSc (Eng) Undergraduate Research Project. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1994.

Makhanya, E.M.. The viability of agricultural development in Kwazulu. Proceedings of the biennial conference of the Development Society of South Africa, 5 - 7 September 1990. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1990.

Manova, C. "Marriage, family life and migrancy in a Ciskei village." In Black villagers in an industrial society, edited by P. Mayer. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Mason, S.J. Climatic change over the lowveld of South Africa. Climatology Research Group Paper. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1994.

Mason, S.J. "Sea-surface temperature - South African rainfall associations, 1910-1989." International Journal of Climatology 14 (1994).

Mason, S.J. and J.A. Lindesay. "The stability of the Southern Oscillation - South African rainfall." Submitted to Journal Climatology. 1994.

Mentis, M.T. "Optimising stocking rate under commercial and subsistence pastoralism." Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 1 (1984): 20-24.

Mouchel, L.G. and Partners Ltd. Technical support in environmental management to the independent development trust: Thornybush Game Reserve community employment in scrub thinning. Overseas Development Administration report by Mouchel & Partners, Surrey, UK in association with ETC (UK) Ltd. 1994.

Murray, C. Families divided: The impact of migrant labour in Lesotho. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1981.

Niehaus, I.A. "Witch-Hunting and political legitimacy: Continuity and change in Green Valley, Lebowa, 1930 - 1991." Africa 63, 4 (1993): 498-530.

Parsons. D.A.B. Vegetation condition, stocking rate and carrying capacities of ecologically similar areas in the eastern Transvaal lowveld. Bsc Hons. thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1991.

Pienaar, U De V. "Indications of progressive desiccation of the Transvaal lowveld over the past 100 years, and implications for the water stabilization programme in the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 28 (1985): 93-165.

Platzky, L. and C. Walker. The surplus people: Removals in South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1985.

Pollard, S.R., D.C. Weeks and A. Fourie. "The effects of the 1992 drought on the fish and macro-invertebrates of the Sabie Sand Rivers." In A pre-impoundment study of the Sabie Sand River system, E. Tvl with special reference to the predicted impacts on the Kruger National Park. DWA Report. Vol. II. 1993.

Ritchken, E. The scheme is not in conformity with native custom: The creation of a Bantustan bureaucracy. Unpublished paper presented at the Graduate Seminar. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1992.

Scholes, R.J., R.E. Schulze, and R. Kunz. Possible consequences of global climate change and atmosphere change for the South African forest industry. Report from Forestek, CSIR to Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria: CSIR, 1992.

Shackleton, C.M. Notes on community gardens in Mhala. Unpubl. notes. Klaserie: Wits Rural Facility.

Shackleton, C.M. "Fuelwood harvesting and sustainable utilisation in a communal grazing land and protected area of the eastern Transvaal lowveld." Biological Conservation 63 (1993): 247-254.

Shackleton, C.M. "Demography and dynamics of the dominant woody species in a communal and protected area of the eastern Transvaal lowveld." South African Journal of Botany 59 (1993): 569-574.

Shackleton, C.M. "Growing more trees for fuelwood in the Northern Transvaal or redistribution after sustainable harvesting?" Development Southern Africa 11 (1994): 587-589.

Shackleton, C.M. "Potential stimulation of local rural economies by harvesting secondary products: A case study of the central Transvaal lowveld, South Africa." Ambio in press.

Shackleton, C.M., N.J. Griffin, D.I. Banks, J.M. Mavrandonis, and S.E. Shackleton. "Community structure and species composition along a disturbance gradient in a communally managed South African savanna." Vegetatio 115 (1994): 1-11.

Shackleton, S.E. A situation analysis of the woodcraft industry in the Bushbuckridge district of the eastern Transvaal, with particular reference to resource use. In-house report. Klaserie: Wits Rural Facility, 1993.

Shackleton, S.E. Eastern Transvaal PRA workshop report: "Sharing our experience". In-house report. Klaserie: Wits Rural Facility, 1994.

Sonnenberg, D. Plant species richness and abundance in three communal grazing lands in the eastern Transvaal lowveld: effects of rainfall, grazing and catena position. Bsc Hons. thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1993.

Stadler, J.J. Generational relationships in a lowveld village: Questions of age, household and tradition. MA thesis. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1994.

Tapson, D.R.. "Rural development and the homelands." Development southern Africa 7 (1990): 561-581.

Tapson, D.R. and C.J. Rose. An investigation into the Kwazulu cattle industry. ADRI 2/84. Alice: Fort Hare University, 1984.

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