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[ Back to Hot Topics ]Selected Sources….Sustainable Livelihoods
Compiled by Marlene Roy & Jeffrey Turner - Information for Sustainable Development Project
Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development
Background
The concept of employment, meaning having a single employer, a job, a workplace and a wage is being challenged in urban centers and has never been a reality in most rural and indigenous communities. Rural people engage in often diverse and complex strategies best described as livelihoods. Sustainable livelihoods and sustainable development - meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs implies that:
1. it is important to seek ways in which individuals and communities can make a living in a competitive market place which factors in considerations of economic activities that are "viable, restorative and protect ecological integrity" and
2. it is equally important to factor in issues of equity, ownership of resources, participatory decision making, conflict resolution mechanisms and security into the overall goals of households and communities.
Note: Extracted from IISD's "Sustainable livelihoods in Africa: policy and community transition through listening and learning: an interim progress report" (Singh and Titi, 1995)
The International Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable livelihoods as being:
"... concerned with people's capacities to generate and maintain their means of living, enhance their well-being, and that of future generations. These capacities are contingent upon the availability and accessibility of options which are ecological, socio-cultural, economic, and political and are predicated on equity, ownership of resources and participatory decision making. Both the notions of sustainable development and sustainable livelihoods incorporate the idea of change and uncertainty
Note: Extracted from IISD's "Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands: in search of sustainable livelihoods" (Singh and Titi, 1994)
Books and Articles
Aboriginal Employment Equity Consultation Group. (Canada). Completing the circle: first report to the Secretary of the Treasury Board. 28 p.
Contents: Introduction; Approach; Employment equity principles for aboriginal peoples; Employment equity goals for aboriginal people; Best practices survey; Case studies; Conclusions and recommendations.
Abstract: Presents a set of principles which the Group feels should underlie Canadian federal efforts in employment equity.
Agricultural and Rural Restructuring Group (Canada) and Brandon University Rural Development Institute. Development strategies for rural Canada: evaluating partnerships, jobs, and communities: summary of proceedings. ARRG working paper no.6. Brandon: RDI, 1993. 94 p.
Conference: ARRG National Conference (5th : 1993 : Wolfville, NS)
Contents: (Selected): What have we learned from job creation strategies; Factors enhancing joint ventures in rural revitalization; Strategies for local problem solving.
Ahmed, Iftikhar and Jacobus, A. Doeleman (eds). Beyond Rio: the environmental crisis and sustainable livelihoods in the Third World. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. 390 p.
Arnold, J.E.M. Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises : policy and environmental issues. EPAT/MUCIA working paper no. 11. Madison, WI: United States Agency for International Development Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project, 1994. 48 p.
Abstract: Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas. Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Also, some forest products face uncertain markets. Therefore it is important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not.
Ashton, Peter G. and James B. Pickens. "Employment diversity and economic performance in small,
resource-dependent communities near western national forests." Society and Natural Resources 8 (1995): 231-241. London: Taylor & Francis, 1995. 10 p.
Abstract: This study aims to clarify relationships between the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service programs and the economies of affected small rural communities. The study addresses two main issues: dependence of sample communities on employment associated with Forest Service programs and the relationship between employment diversity and economic performance. A relatively strong case can be made that counties with high employment diversity are better able to cope with changing economic conditions than less diverse counties over time. Thus the effort to facilitate diversification of dependent communities appears to be an appropriate goal. However, short-term fluctuations that might be expected to change the diversity of an economy did not seem to have an effect.
Banerji, Arup, J. Edgardo Campos and Richard H. Sabot. The political economy of formal sector pay and employment in developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper 1435. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995. 35 p.
Abstract: Policy makers concerned about migration to high income countries must take into account the political economy of the labour market. Labour market pathologies, like macroeconomic mismanagement, can be extremely costly - severely constraining growth of output and employment and increasing inequality.
Barde, Jean-Philippe and Michel Potier. "A 'green' impact on jobs ?" The OECD Observer (Feb.-March, 1996): 17-21.
Abstract: The impacts of environmental policies on employment are discussed.
Barg, Stephan, Cynthia Pollock Shea and Peter Hardi. Framework for employment and sustainable development : paper submitted for the Employment and Sustainable Development Meeting, June 23-25, 1994, Winnipeg. IISD working paper. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 31 p.
Abstract: Develops the concept of sustainable livelihoods and establishes the analytical framework for determining sustainability and categories of livelihoods for sustainable development.
Barnet, Richard. "The end of jobs: employment is one thing the global economy is not creating." Third World Resurgence (April 1994): 15-19.
Bebbington, Anthony. "Sustainable livelihood development in the Andes: local institution and regional resource use in Ecuador." Development Policy Review 11 (1993): 5-30.
Beckley, Thomas M. "Community stability and the relationship between economic and social well-being in forest-dependent communities". Society and Natural Resources 8 (1995): 261-266.
Abstract: A predominant assumption among many academics, policy makers and lay persons is that economic and social well-being are closely linked. As a result, policy efforts intended to improve social well-being are often directed toward economic variables. While many connections between social and economic well-being do exist, there are also aspects of social well-being that are only weakly or indirectly connected to economic variables. At the nexus of economic and social well-being is the notion of community stability. This paper discusses ways to better assess the health, vitality and long-term sustainability of communities that depend largely on forests as an economic lifeline
Bezdek, Roger H. et al. "The economic and employment effects of investments in pollution abatement and control technologies." AMBIO 18 (1989): 274-279.
Abstract: Pollution abatement and control has become a major industry in the United States during the past twenty years. The analysis undertaken in this paper presents simulation results on the gross economic effects of business investments in the control of air, water, and solid-waste pollution for 80 industries and 475 occupations. The findings do not lend support to the widely-held belief that environmental programs generally hurt the economy by crippling industries and increasing unemployment.
Bhalla, A.S. , ed. Environment, employment, and development. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1992. 177 p.
Contents (selected): Environment, development and employment: some conceptual issues (Karshenas); Employment concerns and environmental policy (Doeleman); On instruments of environmental policy (Doeleman); Environmental degradation in rural areas (Bifani); Urbanization, employment and the environment (Sethuraman).
Abstract: Two types of income and employment implications of environmental protection are considered. The first relates to the income and employment implications of national environmental protection on employment and incomes within a country concerned. The second aspect of employment and income effects is more global - environmental standards and measures introduced in developed countries have repercussions on the developing countries through trade, capital flows and technology transfer.
Brandt, Barbara. Whole life economics: revaluing daily life. Philadelphia, PA: New Society, 1995. 243 p.
Contents: The problem of economic invisibility; The problem of economic addiction; Beyond the textbooks: the economics of daily life; Beyond economic addictions: making decisions that empower.
Abstract: This book describes a new economics emerging in the world today, an economics that more fully meets human needs, supports personal and community relationships, promotes justice and empowerment, and is more respectful of the natural environment than our officially recognized economic systems. It explains why this new economics is now emerging, and how it can be made more a reality in people's lives and communities.
Bullock, Susan. Women and work. Women and world development series. London: Zed Books, 1994. 160 p.
Contents (selected): Women, work and development; Rural employment; The informal sector: last resort or engine of growth?; Industrial employment: freedom or new exploitation?
Abstract: Brings research findings and case studies on women and work together with others on women and development, looks at the factors that link women, and reports on responses and initiatives by women and their organizations, locally and internationally.
Canadian Council for Human Resources in the Environment Industry. The nineteen ninety-four (1994) assessment of human resources. Calgary: The Council, 1994. 3 v.
Contents: v.1 Overview : a framework for skill-set documentation. v.2 Definition of environmental employment. v.3. Classification of environmental occupations.
Canadian Labour Market and Productivity Centre. Adjusting to sustainable development : how are Canadian industries, workers and regions managing environmental change? : a progress report on the development phase, January - March 1993. Ottawa: The Centre, 1993. 14 p.
Abstract: Increasingly, government, business and labour are developing a more detailed understanding of the relationship between the environment and the economy and jobs. Moreover, they are taking new approaches to sustainable development that could greatly influence decision-making. The report summarizes the breadth of topics relevant to Canadian industrial adjustment to environmental change based on the CLMPC consultations with business and labour and provides a framework to more applied research.
Canadian Labour Market and Productivity Centre. Environment protection and jobs in Canada : a discussion paper for business and labour = La protection de l'environnement et l'emploi au Canada : document de travail pour le patronat et les syndicats. Ottawa: The Centre, 1992. 129, 139 p
Contents: (Selected) : Annex 1. CCME's Statement on Interjurisdictional Co-operation for the Protection of the Environment: Principles and Objectives. Annex 2. ICC's Business Charter for Sustainable Development: Principles. Annex 3. Labour's Environmental Agenda: Proposals from the Director-General's Report to the ILO Conference. Annex 4. VNO-FNV Common Declaration on Management of the Environment in the Netherlands
Canadian Labour Market and Productivity Centre. Women and economic restructuring. Ottawa: CLMPC, 1994. 2 v.
Contents: Introduction; Women in the labour force: demographics and the shape of change; Structural shifts and new employment patterns; New fields for women; Case studies in workplace change; Case studies in adjustment; Case studies in access to capital; Case studies in new fields for women; Options and recommendations; Conclusion.
Abstract: The report is structured as follows: Part I introduces the broad issues and challenges posed by the process of economic change, and outlines the goals of this project on Women and Economic Restructuring. Part II provides a picture of the changing face of the Canadian labour market, and underlines the dimensions of demographic change that are transforming our social climate. Part III examines shifts in women's occupational and employment patterns, the transformation of the economy from goods to services, and the pressures that globalization and technology are bringing to bear on employment trends and job growth throughout the economy. In Part IV, the report takes a brief look at women's roles as entrepreneurs and innovators, and examines the realities of restructuring for women who opt for less conventional careers. Part V considers case studies in which labour and business have attempted to promote positive workplace change; develop strategies to ameliorate adjustment; create a better balance between the demands of work and the family; and enhance employment options for women in less conventional careers. Finally, Part VI sketches options and recommendations from business and labour which are intended to focus on how women's potential contributions to the economy can be optimized, and how Canada's social infrastructure can be made more accomodating to women's participation in the workforce.
Chambers, Robert. Sustainable livelihoods, environment and development : putting poor rural people first. Discussion paper no 240. Brighton, GB: University of Sussex Institute of Development Studies, 1987. 30 p.
Abstract: Many processes of change involving population, resources, environment and development are not sustainable. In seeing what to do, normal professionalism and "first" thinking are part of the problem. The Brundtland Commission made progress in moving priorities towards the poor, but did not go far enough. Its concept of secure and sustainable livelihoods for the very poor and poor is, however, powerful, implying conditions for lower population growth, less distress migration, more resistance by the poor to management. Developing this approach, the thinking of professionals about environment and development and that of poor people about livelihoods can be combined as sustainable livelihood thinking. The potential for applying SLT in resource-poor environments has been underestimated. Analytical implications include the concept of sustainable livelihood-intensity. Practical implications include secure rights for the poor to use and sell assets, and a new professionalism which starts not with things, but with people, putting first those who are poorer.
Chambers, Robert. "In search of professionalism, bureaucracy and sustainable livelihoods for the 21st. century". IDS Bulletin 22 (1991): 5-11.
Abstract: Argues that in the 21st. century livelihoods will be needed for vastly more people, many of them in marginal and fragile rural environments. To enable more of these livelihoods to be sustainable requires outsiders to reverse much that is normal in professionalism, bureaucracy, careers, and learning; to recognize that livelihoods are often complex and diverse; to decentralize; to deregulate and free poor people from hassle and rents; to make their rights more secure; to provide better access to services; and through all these to help poor rural people to take the long view.
Chambers, Robert and Gordon R. Conway. Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Institute of Development Studies discussion paper no. 296. Brighton, GB: University of Sussex Institute of Development Studies, 1992. 42 p.
Abstract: In the 21st. century livelihoods will be needed by perhaps two to three times the present human population. For policy and practice, new concepts and analysis are needed. Current and conventional analysis both undervalues future livelihoods and is pessimistic. Ways can be sought to multiply livelihoods by increasing resource-use intensity and the diversity and complexity of small-farming livelihood systems, and by small-scale economic synergy. Net sustainable livelihood effects and intensity are concepts which deserve to be tested.
Chambers, Robert, N.C. Saxena and Tushaar Shah.. To the hands of the poor : water and trees. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1989. 273 p.
Contents: Poverty and priorities; The poor and the potentials; Who gains and who loses?; Access to water through groups; Access to water through markets; Practical policy; Forestry for livelihoods; Why small farmers don't plant trees; A new charter for the poor; Analysis and action.
Abstract: This book explores how poor people can gain more from rural India's vast and often underestimated potential from groundwater and from growing trees. Starting with the livelihoods and priorities of the poor themselves, the authors use empirical evidence and practical political economy to identify new and implementable policies. The authors stress secure rights and access, and control, management and use of resources by poor households, and by their groups and communities. They argue that rights, and creating competitive markets, can be used to free the poor from hassle and exploitation, enabling them to claim, own and gain more from lift irrigation and from trees.
Clark, Michael. "Planning a sustainable future : long-term livelihood." Town & Country Planning (March 1993):38-41.
Abstract: The author looks at progress on the greening of the economy and how environmental planning can help to secure sustainable livelihoods.
Clarke, Robert E. (ed). The North-South Institute Partnerships for a new agenda : human resource development and poverty alleviation in the APEC region. Halifax, NS: Lester Pearson International Institute, 1995. 118 p.
Contents: Overview (Grande); Part 1 - Poverty in APEC economies : Poverty alleviation and education (Herrin), Australia - poverty amidst affluence (Penning), Canada - defining poverty in Canada (Mouat IV), China - poverty in a populous economy (Qingfang), Korea - a statistical profile of poverty in a newly industrialized economy (Kim), Philippines - a poverty snapshot (Cortes), Chinese Taipei - poverty and growth (Chen), Thailand - poverty in the context of rapid growth (Anantrasirichai); Part 2 - Education interventions to alleviate poverty : Education policy and programming to facilitate poverty alleviation in APEC members (Zachariah), Australia - closing the gap between education and employment (Penning), Canada - building bridges to opportunity (Mouat IV), China - using science and technology to battle poverty (Qinfang), Korea - poverty alleviation and education - a statistical overview (Kim), Philippines - education as a tool for National Development (Cortes), Chinese Taipei - improving access to education (Chen), Thailand - meeting the challenge of HRD and education policies (Anantrasirichai)
Abstract: This report is based on the papers that were presented at a conference, Partnerships for a New Agenda: Human Resource Development and Poverty Alleviation in the APEC Region held in Manila, January 1995.
Clugston, Richard M. and Thomas J. Rogers. "Sustainable livelihoods in North America." Development (March 1995):60-63.
Abstract: Discusses the results of the North American Consultation on Sustainable Livelihoods held January 1995.
Commission of the European Communities. Growth, competitiveness, employment : the challenges and ways forward into the 21st (twenty-first) century : white paper. Bulletin of the European Communities supplement no. 6/93. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1993. 2 v.
Contents: v.1 (Pts A & B) White Paper: the challenges and ways forward into the 21st century; the conditions of growth, competitiveness and more jobs (preparatory work). v.2 The contributions of the member states.
Conroy, Czech and Miles Litvinoff. The greening of aid: sustainable livelihoods in practice. London: Earthscan, 1988. 302p.
Abstract: The development of poor countries has often meant the export of northern technology. However, such 'aid' has frequently been ecologically destructive and its crippling cost has ended up making life worse for those it was supposed to help. Using examples from Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, this book shows there are forms of development that allow people to control their own resources while improving their condition and enhancing their environment.
Conway, Gordon R. and Edward Barbier. After the green revolution: sustainable agriculture for development. Toronto: Earthscan Canada, 1990. 205 p.
Contents: Ideas of development; Indicators of agricultural performance; International constraints; National policies; Farms and livelihoods
Abstract: Defines "sustainable agriculture" and examines the effects of international economic restraints and of national policies on a new kind of development.
Cornell Center for the Environment Work and Environment Initiative. International Symposium on Work and the Environment proceedings. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1995. 184 p.
Contents: Opening plenary (Platner, Lipsky, Lassoie, Cohen-Rosenthal); Workshop A : Environment, employment, and the economy (Schuler, Renner, Vickery, Findlay, Giebel); Workshop B : Cooperative labor-management conservation efforts (Cohen-Rosenthal, Wong, Lowenberger, Peters, Pedersen); Workshop C : Total quality and environmental management (Gasser, Kelly, James, Kapur, Zosel); Workshop D : Unions and the environment (Bennett, Brighi, Houlihan, Nyberg, Passey, Romig, Vrum); Labor's stake in environmental change (Williams); Workshop E : Building alliances among environmentalists, business and unions (Crowfoot, Vickery, Greer, Hyde, Lewis, Roy); Workshop F : Connecting environmental and occupational health and safety (Platner, Caraway, Goelzer, Marchant, Maleckia); The E factor: the bottom-line approach to environmentally responsible business (Makower); Final workshop : International sustainable development action breakfast (Kohler, Brighi, Boggs, MacKenzie, Goelzer, Pedersen, Swanson, Kohler); Envisioning work and the environment in the future.
Abstract: This report contains a collection of transcribed workshop presentations including the discussion that followed. There were seven primary workshops that dealt with the environment, employment, and the economy; cooperative labor-management conservation efforts; total quality and environmental management; unions and the environment; building alliances among environmentalists, business, and unions; connecting environmental and occupational health and safety; and international sustainable development.
Cornell University Work and Environment Initiative; WEI New...connections : new...partnerships : work and the environment bibliography. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1994. 59 p.
Contents: Introduction; Accounting/auditing/measurement; Bibliography; Business; Communications; Construction; Economic development; Economics; Employment; Environmental management; Environmental policy; Green movement and issues; Industrial relations; International agencies; Marketing; Pollution prevention; Trade unions; Training; Voluntary work.
Abstract: This annotated bibliography is a review of English language printed material for managers, trade unionists, environmentalists, and public policy makers in industrialized and developing nations. The aim of the bibliography is to identify key publications on the interface between work and the environment, focusing primarily on the period after 1990.
Davies, Susanna. Versatile livelihoods: strategic adaptation to food insecurity in the Malian Sahel. Brighton, GB: University of Sussex Institute of Development Studies, 1993. 13 p.
Abstract: Explains how food and livelihood insecurity can be predicted in order to identify ways of mitigating their threat . The starting point is the ways in which different people in the Inter Niger Delta and surrounding drylands of Mali have adapted their livelihoods to confront successive droughts, creeping impoverishment and food insecurity.
Diaz, Alvaro. Restructuring and the new working classes in Chile : trends in waged employment, informality and poverty, 1973-1990. UNRISD discussion paper no. 47. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1993. 28 p.
Abstract: The single most important element of poverty in present-day Chile is not unemployment or marginalization, but precarious wage employment. The author argues that since this situation is inherent in the style of modernization underlying economic recovery, economic expansion per se is no guarantee that there will be any automatic evolution toward more stable and remunerative alternatives for most people.
Dewees, Peter A. Trees, land, and labor. World Bank environment paper no. 4. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1993. 52 p.
Abstract: Smallholder tree cultivation and management is a common form of land-use in high-potential areas of Kenya. Some practices, such as the planting of trees on field boundaries, are strongly embedded in customary notions of land and tree tenure. Others, such as the planting of woodlots, are more recent innovations, introduced to produce commodities for domestic and export markets. This study explores the economic dimensions of tree growing in Kenya, using land-use studies and the results from a household survey. The survey was designed to explore the hypothesis that tree growing complements formal employment as a strategy for overcoming poorly operating factor markets and helps to ease land-use constraints imposed by labor migration.
Drinkwater, Michael and M.A. McEwan. "Household food security and environmental sustainability in farming systems research : developing sustainable livelihoods." Journal for Farming Systems Research Extension 4 (2:1994) : 111-126.
Abstract: This paper illustrates how farming systems research (FSR) in Zambia is attempting to meet the potentially contradictory goals of household food security and environmental sustainability. It emphasizes the need for researchers to work with farmers in order to understand the dynamic processes through which households transform their initial endowment base into entitlements through a range of both on- and off-farm activities. This also requires recognizing the diversity of land types and the complex ways in which farmers integrate the effective use of different econiches according to intra- and interseasonal changes. From this understanding, it is then possible to identify and develop sequenced short- and long-term research interventions addressing the household food security and longer-term environmental needs of different types of households.
Durno, Janet. Sustainable rural livelihoods: a case study of CUSO in Thailand. (s.l.): The Author, 1995. 10 p.
Abstract: Case study of project in which NGOs and villagers worked together to develop self-reliant communities. CUSO staff and volunteers became involved - along with farmers, NGO staff and government officials - in the development of more sustainable rural economies, based on agroforestry technologies and the diversification of farming and local economic systems.
Dykeman, Floyd W. (ed ) Entrepreneurial and sustainable rural communities. Sackville, N.B.: Mount Allison University. Rural and Small Town Research and Studies Programme, 1990. 235 p.
Contents: Developing an understanding of entrepreneurial and sustainable rural communities (Dykeman); Decline to development : towards a framework for sustainable rural development (Troughton); Participatory design vision and choice in small town planning (Luther); Selecting strategic development options : experience in the Crowsnest Pass (Perks, Macdonald); The urban field, amenity environments and local community development : some ideas on the economic survival of small communities in the city's countryside (Coppack); The use of creative tension in third world village development (Miller); Rural attractions and rural development : Elora, Ontario case study (Coppack, Beesley, Mitchell); Harney rehabilitation project Carroll County, Maryland (Thomas); Long distance commuting employment : implications for rural and northern development (Shrimpton, Storey); Integrated rural development in a principally urban state (Gerace); Infrastructure, development efforts and other factors in small town business growth (Johansen, Fuguitt); Learning from successful communities : rural case study research (Luther); The cooperative extension service and rural conflict (Weber); Mercer economic resource center : a model for grassroots economic development within a small, private liberal arts college (Barton); Neighbours helping neighbours : informal support networks (Shamley); Establishing a data center to support rural economic development : an entrepreneur's analytical framework (Mcmahon, Andrews)
Abstract: Entrepreneurial and Sustainable Rural Communities is a collection of papers from a June, 1988 conference titled Resolving Rural Development Conflicts. The conference was held in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and sponsored by the University of Maine system and the Rural and Small Town Research and Studies Program, Mount Allison University. This collection of papers provides insights into the theory and practice of rural community development with a special emphasis on approaches and tools that can be used by communities to become more entrepreneurial in their search for a sustainable future. While this is an eclectic grouping of papers, each chapter assists to develop our understanding of rural community development from an entrepreneurial or sustainable development perspective, discusses and assesses development or policy/program approaches that have been attempted in rural communities, and identifies support system approaches that have been used in jurisdictions within the United States and Canada. The contents, therefore, should assist to serve both rural community researchers and rural development practitioners with their endeavors.
Earthcare Africa. Gender-sensitive policies for sustainable livelihood security: guidelines for people-centred research and it's implementation. Nairobi: Earthcare Africa, 1992?.
Abstract: Much of the research, policy and practice on development has ignored gender dimensions and their implications for livelihood security . Furthermore, research has failed to have an impact on policy formulation and to empower people's initiatives at the community and national level. A skills workshop on gender and sustainable livelihoods was held to bridge the observed gap between research, policy and practice.
Eastwood, David (et al). "Northern Ireland's green economy : an examination of environmentally based employment opportunities." European Environment 5 (1995) : 134-144. 11 p.
Abstract: Environmentally based economic development and employment opportunities in Northern Ireland are identified and predicted over the medium term to the year 2000. The results show that in 1993 about 1.9 percent of the total Northern Ireland workforce (11,500 workers) was employed within a 'green production sector' . Using an innovative economic modeling technique it is suggested that there are significant employment generation opportunities available and a total of up to 15000 new jobs could be created in Northern Ireland's green economy by the turn of the century. Moreover, and on the basis of these findings, four recommendations are offered which could help maximize the employment potentials afforded by environmental activity.
ECAF-SIGAD. Workshop on Gender and Sustainable Livelihoods Research and Practice 14-24 February 1994, Sagret Hotel, Nairobi. Nairobi: Earthcare Africa, 1994. 37 p.
Abstract: The workshop focused on the statutory position of women, and women in development; understanding gender and development and the gender factor in decision-making processes; existing gaps in linking research on women to policy formulation and implementation; meaning of sustainable livelihoods security and the role of research in it; research as an empowerment tool for local communities and policy-makers; design and conduct of research for empowerment; impact of research on policy-makers; research methodologies for empowering and linking local communities, front-line workers and policy-makers; methodological tools for gender-sensitive policies and strategies for livelihoods security.
Environmental Action. "Jobs for the future." Environmental Action (Summer 1995):11-12. 1995.
Abstract: The environment has been used as a scapegoat for job loss but the real culprit must be found elsewhere. Not only does environmental or safety regulation lead to less than one-tenth of one percent of all large scale layoffs, according to the US Department of Labor figures, but environmental protection is creating far more jobs than it destroys.
Frankenberger, Timothy R. " Promoting sustainable livelihoods in areas prone to recurrent drought." Aridlands Newsletter 34 (Fall/Winter 1993): 30-42.
Abstract: The effects of drought are enduring and, as such, they pose both short-term consumption and long-term development questions. In areas where drought is a recurring phenomenon, their impact on household production decisions, resource use, and consumption extend far beyond the current production season. In order to build resilience to drought among households and to enhance the sustainability of their livelihoods, one must first understand the contextual factors that have contributed to the increased vulnerability.
Frayne, Heather. A brighter future: energy efficiency and jobs in Manitoba. Winnipeg: United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Local Union 343, 1993. 47 p.
Abstract: Describes the purely economic reasons for pursuing energy efficiency, the benefits to be gained in terms of the large number of jobs it creates, programs already in place which were shelved despite positive evaluations of their economic benefit, and the need for training in the new energy-efficiency technologies and recommends a more efficient use of energy resources.
Freudenberger, Mark Schoonmaker and Karen Schoonmaker Freudenberger.. Pastoralism in peril : pressures on grazing land in Senegal. Pastoral land tenure series no.4. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1993. 33 p.
Contents: Introduction; The agro-pastoralist populations of Senegal; Mobility and the Agro-pastoral livelihood system; Conflict between sedentary and agro-pastoral systems: regional case studies; Conclusions: pastoralist vulnerability, local responses, and the need for sustainable land use planning.
Abstract: This paper looks at the causes and consequences of increasing pressures on the grazing lands needed to maintain viable agro-pastoral systems in Senegal's Sahelian belt. It first looks at the agro-pastoral populations of Senegal and, in particular at the role of mobility in reducing risk and ensuring the sustainability of their livelihoods. It then discusses, region by region, the pressures on grazing lands, looking specifically at issues that have arisen (1) along the Senegal River and the Lac de Guiers, (2) in the Ferlo, (3) in the Peanut basin, (4) in the Niayes coastal region and (5) in Eastern Senegal and the Casamance. The conclusions focus on political and legal issues related to the maintenance of common areas necessary for agro-pastoralist livelihoods and looks at how the local populations themselves have responded to this threat to their grazing strategies.
Friedmann, John and Haripriya Rangan (eds.) In defense of livelihood: comparative studies on environmental action. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1993. 219 p.
Contents (selected): Beyond participation: empowerment for environmental action in Tanzania's West Usambara Mountains (Massaro); Regenerating the gum Arabic economy: local-level resource management in Northern Senegal (Freudenberger); Dams, displacement, and development: a resistance movement in Southern Brazil (McDonald): The struggle of the Seringueiros: environmental action in the Amazon (Melone); Sustainable livelihoods in the urban milieu: a case study from Mexico City (Pezzoli); Romancing the environment: popular environmental action in the Garhwal Himalayas (Rangan); People versus the state: social forestry in Kolar, India (Someshwar)
Abstract: Focuses on social actions and economic processes that unfold within the particularities of locality, environment, and culture and how they interact with political and economic institutions and actors at regional, national, and global levels. Examines the efforts and struggles by rural and urban communities to gain access to and control over the natural resources upon which their lives and livelihoods depend.
Friends of the Earth. Working future: jobs and the environment Discussion paper no.1. London: FOE, 1994. 109 p.
Contents: Introduction; Employment and sustainable development; Pollution control; Transport; Energy; Resource use; Agriculture; Making the change; Summary and conclusions.
Abstract: This report discusses how economic development can be joined with environmental priorities. It shows that public policy and private enterprise can create substantial numbers of jobs, and wealth, by looking after, not abusing, nature. Cutting pollution, conserving natural resources and otherwise protecting the environment can also stimulate efficient economic production, reduce costs for firms and householders and improve industrial competitiveness - while putting people back into work.
Gaudier, Maryse. Environment - employment - new industrial societies: a bibliographic map. Institut international d'etudes sociales serie bibliographique No.15. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1991. 126 p.
Contents (selected): Towards a type of industrialization which favours environment and employment; Ecological modernization, industrial creativity and jobs; Three strategic requirements for harmonising environment, technology and employment.
Geller, Howard, John DeCicco and Skip Laitner. Energy efficiency and job creation : the employment and income benefits from investing in energy conserving technologies. Eugene,OR: American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, 1992. 46 p.
Abstract: Analysis of the indirect economic benefits of a high efficiency energy strategy - the impacts on employment and income that could result from shifting economic activity away from the energy supply sectors of our economy and from reducing the cost of energy services. Also examines the employment and income impacts that result solely from improving the fuel economy of automobiles and light trucks.
Ghai, Dharam. Conservation, livelihood and democracy: social dynamics of environmental changes in Africa. UNRISD discussion paper. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute, 1992. 23 p.
Abstract: Presents a social perspective, which focuses on issues of ownership, control and management of natural resources and on the environment problem and outlines an approach to resource conservation informed by this perspective. It brings out the complex and multiple interactions between social and natural systems, stresses the vital links between resources conservation and human needs, and outlines an approach to conservation based on livelihood security and community empowerment.
Ghimire, Krishna B. Linkages between population, environment and development : case studies from Costa Rico, Pakistan and Uganda. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1993. 118 p.
Contents: Introduction; Environmental and population issues at the local level; The processes of adjustment between population, resources and livelihoods; The role of external forces; Conclusion.
Abstract: The author attempts to explore the linkages between population growth, environmental changes and development patterns. Based on case studies carried out in Costa Rica, Pakistan and Uganda, as well as secondary literature on the subject, the monograph is organized into five parts. The first chapter discusses different concepts and debates on the relationship between population, environment and development. It also presents the major research issues addressed in the monograph. The second chapter examines the linkages in the context of the three countries studied. The third chapter looks at the different ways in which production, consumption and livelihood patterns at the local level have adapted to environmental and demographic changes. Chapter Four analyses the impact of external forces on resource management and livelihood provisioning. The final chapter, Chapter Five, presents principal research findings.
Gilbert, Alan. "Third world cities: poverty, employment, gender roles and the environment during a time of restructuring." Urban Studies 31 (4/5:1994) : 605-633.
Abstract: The author considers the literature on four key elements of urban life: poverty, work, gender roles and the environment. He asks the question: how have those dimensions been affected by several fundamental shifts in the nature of world organization and development?
Grandea, Nona. From blackboards to keyboards : the fragile link between women's education and employment. Ottawa: North-South Institute, 1994. 56 p.
Abstract: Reviews trends in women's education in the Asia-Pacific region; examines issues related to women's educational opportunities and employment; and identifies education and training needs of women, as well as other issues that need to be addressed to achieve gender equity in employment.
Hall, Bob. Gold and green : can we have good jobs and a healthy environment. Durham, NC: Institute for Southern Studies, 1994. 23 p.
Contents: Includes Economic and environmental health indicators.
Abstract: Study shows that states with the best environmental records also offer the best job opportunities and climate for long-term economic development. Two separate lists of indicators to evaluate each state's economic performance and the stresses on its natural environment were used. States were ranked on each indicator and the sum of the ranks produced a state's final score.
Hamilton, Joan. "It ain't necessarily so : the myth of jobs versus the environment." Sierra (March/April 1993):45-46.
Abstract: Discusses a study by Stephen M. Meyer on the impact of environmental regulations on the economy. Meyer discovered that very little had been done on the subject and that there were no systematic studies to support the "environmental-impact hypothesis", merely anecdotal evidence. In his own study, Meyer concluded that "at a minimum, the pursuit of environmental quality does not hinder economic growth and development" and that it may even foster it.
Hirway, Indira and Piet Terhal. Towards employment guarantee in India : Indian and international experiences in rural public works programmes. Indo-Dutch studies on development alternatives. no.14. New Delhi: Sage, 1994. 283 p.
Contents: Rural public works, economic development and employment guarantee: a framework; Public works in the Netherlands; Rural public works in former East Pakistan; Labour mobilization in China; Rural public works in India; Employment guarantee: the Maharashtra experience; Karnataka's land army corporation; NREP in West Bengal; NREP and RLEGP in Gujarat: an introduction; Findings of Gujarat study: planning, organization and impact on beneficiaries; Findings of the Gujarat study: asset formation under NREP and RLEGP; Voluntary agencies and public works programmes; An overall assessment of the Gujarat case; Towards an employment guarantee in India.
Abstract: The author examines the changing structure of employment and earnings among the weaker sections of two highly populous and developing Asian economies - India and Indonesia. Among the major conclusions of the study are that a crucial role is played by non-farm employment in poverty alleviation; that it is futile to simply increase employment opportunities without paying attention to productivity; and that the trickle down effect actually works in practice.
International Centre for Ocean Development. The future of the blue planet : moving the oceans into the centre of the global debate on sustainable development : proceedings of the ... Forum. Halifax: International Centre for Ocean Development, 1992. 17 p.
Conference: International Ocean Forum (1991 : Halifax)
Contents (Selected) : Designing an agenda for action: ten areas: Integrate ocean resource and coastal zone management; Ensure sustainable livelihoods; Develop coastal communities; Develop new management perspectives for living ocean resources; Build scientific expertise; Build capacities; Create awareness; Increase international and regional cooperation; Introduce environmental accounting; Give urgency to the special needs of island states.
International Commission on Peace and Food. Uncommon opportunities : an agenda for peace and equitable development: report of the International Commission on Peace and Food. London: Zed Books, 1994. 210 p.
Abstract: Suggests a number of practical proposals for world democratization and economic reform, including a global cooperative security system, strategies for full employment in both developing and industrial countries, an agricultural revolution to eliminate hunger, reduce inequality and promote jobs and economic growth and an approach to rapid transition in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union that accelerates growth without damage to people's lives.
International Institute for Sustainable Development. Paper[s] submitted for the Employment and Sustainable Development Meeting June 23-25, 1994, Winnipeg, to advise the Minister and Department of Human Resources Development. Winnipeg: IISD, 1994. 1 v. (loose leaf)
Contents: Applying sustainable development criteria to employment opportunities for community shared agriculture (Allerdings). Jobs Ontario training promotes jobs and futures (Andrew). Prairie aquaculture at AGPRO (Bielka). Building our community : an experiential case for project based CED (Born). Sustainable cultural development : sustainable development in the past and future of aboriginal employment in Canada (Brascoup‚). Uses of conflict resolution in dealing with resource based disputes (Doyle). Newfoundland inshore fishery : industry renewal : draft (Dwyer). Sustainable prairie communities : developing a new agenda (Everitt, Annis, Bessant, McGuinness). Brighter future : energy efficiency and jobs in Manitoba (Frayne, Martin). Edmonton Recycling Society : an experiment in employment and sustainable development (Guenter). Employment opportunities of sustainable rural tourism (Jamieson). Green development corporations : a proposed framework for an economically attractive and environmentally sustainable form of urban development (Larsson, Riley). Leaping into sustainable social and environmental development? Australia's landcare and environmental action program (Law, Williamson). Community economic development : lessons from the trenches : directions for the future (Lewis). Eco-efficient buildings (Lowans). West End Community Ventures : an urban community organization on the path to sustainability (Mark). Green enterprises : energy retrofitting (McKnight). Linking the solitudes of wildlife habitat, landscapes and economic development to create sustainable employment opportunities (Neave). New opportunities for growth (Newfoundland and Labrador Economic Recovery Commission). Youth enterprise and sustainable development (Newing). Employment and sustainable development in forestry : the ecosystem-based determinant increased complexity in forecasting employment trends (Patterson, Nixon). Sustainability, growth, and employment : toward an ecologically stable, economically secure, and socially satisfying future (Rees). Win-win-win : good jobs, strong communities, healthy environment (Roberts). Aquaculture : a model for sustainable economic development in Canada (Stechey, Connors, Cook). Human resource development in the Canadian environment industry (Trump, Miller, Redhead). Moving towards sustainability, three demonstrations of ideas and methods that create jobs (Wanlin, Hyerj). Transporting ourselves to sustainable economic growth(Zielinski)
International Institute for Sustainable Development. [Miscellaneous materials for the Employment and Sustainable Development Meeting June 23-25, 1994, Winnipeg.] Winnipeg: IISD, 1994.
Contents: Includes Notes for an address by Lloyd Axworthy; Aquaculture:a model for sustainable economic development in Canada-speaking notes (Stechey); Sustainable community development in McAdam, New Brunswick (Flynn); Aboriginal Forestry Training and Employment Review (AFTER) Final report Phase 1 (National Aboriginal Forestry Association)
International Labour Office. Environment and the world of work: report of the Director-General of the International Labour Office to the International Labour Conference, 1990. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1990. 106 p.
Contents (selected): Overview of environmental and development issues; Environmental policy issues; Potential repercussions on the world of work.
International Labour Office. World labour report 1993 : forced labour, employment, trade unions, social protection in developing countries, stress at work, statistical annex. Geneva, CH: ILO, 1993. 99 p.
Contents: Forced labour; Employment; Trade unions; Social protection and economic adjustment in developing countries; Stress at work.
Abstract: This report is the second in a new annual series. Each year the Report devotes a chapter to each of five main areas: human rights at work, employment, labour relations, social protection and working conditions. The 1993 report focuses on: forced labour, employment, trade unions; social protection in developing countries; and, stress at work.
International Labour Organisation. International labour standards for development and social justice. Geneva: ILO, 1990. 48 p.
International Labour Organisation. IPEC Programme document : International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour : an action programme to protect working children and to combat and eliminate child labour. Geneva: ILO, 1992. 18 p.
International Labour Organization. World employment 1995 : an ILO report. Geneva: ILO, 1995. 200p.
Contents: (Selected): Globalization and employment; Trade and employment : the Uruguay Round, Foreign direct investment, New technologies and employment); Developing countries (Trade and industrialization, Reducing underemployment and poverty, Urban informal sector, Rural employment, Marginalization of Africa); Transition economies; Industrialized countries (Demographic growth and trends in rates of activity, Economic growth and employment, Causes of rising unemployment, Labour market regulation, Macroeconomic policies); Challenge of global full employment (Restoring full employment: international action)
Abstract: Surveys global employment trends, examines competing explanations for the emergence of the employment crisis and discusses major policy options for solving it. Argues that an enhancement of cooperative international actions is an important part of the solution to current employment problems throughout the world.
Jacobs, Michael. Green jobs? the employment implications of environmental policy. Brussels: World Wide Fund for Nature, 1994. 62 p.
Contents: Introduction, conclusions and policy makers' summary; Regulatory measures: adjustment effects; Regulatory measures: adaptation effects; Green public expenditure; Eco-tax reform.
Abstract: The body of this report is an analysis of the employment effects of three principal types of government environmental policy. A distinction is made between the short-term, "adjustment" effects and the longer-term, "adaptation" effects.
Karshenas, Massoud. "Environment, technology and employment : towards a new definition of sustainable development." Development and Change 25 (Oct 1994) : 723-756.
Abstract: This article analyzes the interrelations between environment, employment and technology in the process of development. A new concept of sustainable development is introduced which makes a distinction between environmental problems associated with high income levels and technological progress and those related to underdevelopment and technological stagnation. The latter category accounts for a major proportion of environmental problems facing poor agrarian economies which are undergoing a process of forced environmental degradation. It is argued that in these types of economies there is a complementarity between economic development and employment generation and the preservation of the environment. It is further shown that in such economies, where the ultimate causes of environmental degradation may be far removed from the immediate environmental issues, conventional environmental policies may be counterproductive.
Kirdar, Uner and Leonard Silk (eds). People : from impoverishment to empowerment : thinkers from many countries address the relationship between prosperity and peace. New York: New York University Press, 1995. 496 p.
Contents: (Selected): Reduction of poverty; Learning from experiences (Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Taiwan); Measures for the reduction of poverty (Role of the state and market in addressing inequality and growth, Women's empowerment); Expansion of productive employment: Pattern and nature of unemployment and underemployment (Full employment revisited, Employment creation and development), Measures for the expansion of productive employment (Entrepreneurship: a youth perspective for employment); Enhancement of social cohesion: Learning from experiences: South Africa; Building blocks of security for people (Ensuring peace in a changing world, Putting people first (New imperatives of human security, Role of women in a changing world, Hopes and fears of youth); Strengthening international cooperation (Rethinking development: a new challenge for international development organizations (Bezanson), Political mobilization, civic spirit, Role of the United Nations); Towards a summit for people: From Stockholm to Rio to the twenty first century (Strong), Challenge of empowering people (Sadik), Civil society and social development (Somavia)
Abstract: Collection of articles by over fifty people addressing the relationship between prosperity and peace, and how to empower people in order to foster an environment of peace, prosperity and social harmony.
Korten, David C. "Sustainable livelihoods : redefining the global social crisis." Earth Ethics (Fall 1994): 8-13.
Abstract: Argues that attempting to solve the world's employment crisis using conventional job creation measures - such as economic stimulus packages that encourage increased consumption and offer incentives to large investors - cannot work. We need to focus - not on the need for jobs - but on sustainable livelihoods.
Lemco, Jonathon and William B.P. Robson (eds). Ties beyond trade : labor and environmental issues under the NAFTA. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1993. 159 p.
Abstract: A central theme of this book is the question of whether, and to what extent, the NAFTA should be concerned with domestic labor and environmental matters. If it should, then should special provisions be instituted to recognize the great differences between the fully modernized northern partners and the modernizing southern one? This leads to the question, addressed by all of the authors, of whether a social charter should be concluded alongside the NAFTA. If so, is the European Community's social charter an applicable model, or must one be devised that more closely reflects the North American reality?
Li, Tania and Mamar Sulaiman. Sustainable rural livelihoods. Environmental Management Development in Indonesia Project working paper. Halifax: Dalhousie University, 1990. 29 p.
Abstract: Research undertaken in five rural communities in Indonesia to investigate the relations between the three critical aspects of rural development - productivity, equity and sustainability. A rapid appraisal produced information on the interaction of population and environment, potential for more secure and sustainable livelihoods, existing patterns of production, and patterns of inter- and intra- household labour.
Maki, Timothy J. , Gerald R. Walter and Sarah Hutcheson. Community sustainability and forest resource use : discussions with community leaders in the Alberni-Clayoquot and the Cowichan Valley regional district. SCI Working Paper. no.9. Victoria: University of Victoria Centre for Sustainable Regional Development, 1993. 67pp.
Contents: Includes bibliographical reference.
Makower, Joel. Good, green jobs : how business is putting the environment to work for California. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Conservation Division of Recycling, 1995. 86 p.
Contents: Good, green jobs; The profiles [of enterprises]; Resources for California businesses seeking to link environmental success with financial success.
Abstract: Highlights the growth potential of environmentally responsible innovations. It discusses the potential for creating jobs through conservation, recycling and buying recycled, leaner production methods and new environmental technologies. It also profiles California companies that are creating or retaining jobs through their environmental initiatives and partnerships. Finally, it lists government, private-sector, and nonprofit organizations offering technical, financial or other assistance to help companies implement job-creating environmental initiatives.
McKee, Katharine. "Microlevel strategies for supporting livelihoods, employment, and income generation of poor women in the Third World : the challenge of significance." World Development, 17 (1989) : 993-1006 .
McLenighan, Valjean. Sustainable manufacturing : saving jobs, saving the environment. Chicago: Center for Neighborhood Technology, 1990. 67 p.
Abstract: Report from workshop which outlines the basic principles of an environmental strategy for saving industrial jobs and describes efforts in Chicago and around the nation to promote sustainable manufacturing.
Mehmet, Ozay. "Employment creation and green development strategy : commentary." Ecological Economics 15 (1995) 11-19.
Abstract: This paper argues for closer ties between sustainable development and employment-creating development at both the global and the national levels of planning and policy. The paper briefly reports on the employment challenge confronting Indonesia to highlight the jobs-versus-environment dilemma facing a developing country that is rich in natural resources but densely populated. It is argued that the high-income countries of the North should take the initiative in raising funds through ecotaxes, levies on international trade and other appropriate income policies in order to increase investment flows for job-creating development in the South to make sustainability a practical reality.
Meyerhoff, Elizabeth. Taking stock: changing livelihoods in an agropastoral community. African Centre for Technology Studies ACTS Drylands research series no.3. Nairobi: ACTS, 1991. 58 p.
Munasinghe, Mohan and Jeffrey McNeely (eds). Protected area economics and policy : linking conservation and sustainable development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1994. 364 p.
Contents: An introduction to protected area economics and policy; Economic and policy issues in natural habitats and protected areas; Conservation, protected areas, and the global economic system: how
debt, trade, exchange rates, inflation and macroeconomic policy affect biological diversity (Tisdell); Conservation in the big picture: development approaches for the next decade (Rodgers and Saunier); Socioeconomic and ecological prospects for multiple use of protected areas in Africa (Lusigi); Making investment (aid) work to develop institutionally sustainable programs (Metcalfe); The economic contribution of women and protected areas: Ghana and the bushmeat trade (Addo et al); America's self-funding park system: the New Hampshire Model (LaPage); Economic contributions of Venezuelan protected areas: the tragedy of the commons and perspectives (Dias); Rattan management for sustainable livelihoods and forest conservation: the case of Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Indonesia (Siebert et al); Ecological bricks for Europe: integration of conservation and sustainable development along the former east-west border (Zinke); The influence of the reprivatization of land on nature protection and protected areas (Zupancic-Vicar); Starting resource accounting in protected areas (Cacha); Functions and values of protected areas: a comprehensive framework for assessing the benefits of protected areas to human society (de Groot); The marginal costs of endangered species management (Hyde et al); Estimating the nonmarket conservation values of protected landscapes in Australia (de Lacy and Lockwood); Valuing a protected tropical forest: a case study in Madagascar (Kramer et al); Elements for calculating the value of biological diversity losses; the case of oil exploitation at Cuyabeno Reserve in the Ecuadoran Amazonian region (Arias); Mersey Barrage feasibility study: a practical application of environmental economics (Bickmore and Williams); The economics of global ecotourism (Filion et al); Economic values of bird-watching at Point Pelee National Park, Canada (Butler et al); Sustainable tourism development (Lawrence); The economics and the role of privately-owned lands used for nature tourism, education and conservation (Alderman); Parks tourism in Nepal: reconciling the social and economic opportunities with the ecological threats (Wells); The economic feasibility and ecological sustainability of the Bonaire Marine Park, Dutch Antilles (Post); The economics of managing fisheries and tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (Craik); The economic impact of National Parks in Victoria, Australia (Wescott)
Abstract: The papers in this volume originate from the Workshop on the Economics of Protected Areas at the IUCN-World Conservation Union 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, held in Venezuela in 1992. They seek to bring the techniques of environmental economics to bear on the vital task of improving the design and management of protected areas.
North American Regional Consultation on Sustainable Livelihoods. "Principles of sustainable livelihoods." Earth Ethics (Spring, 1995): 12-13.
OECD. Implementing change : entrepreneurship and local initiative. Local initiatives for employment creation. Paris: OECD, 1991. 80 p.
Contents: Introduction; Dynamics of enterprise; The local dimension of development initiatives; Financing enterprise and local initiatives.
Abstract: The long-term health of an economy, whether local or national, depends on its ability to nurture and draw upon the talents and capacities of everyone. This report describes new trends in entrepreneurship and identifies new entrepreneur profiles; examples are given of local initiatives and actions. It also emphasizes the essential role of the local environment and business climate and reviews financial mechanisms that foster enterprise and create employment.
OECD. Territorial development and structural change : a new perspective on adjustment and reform. Local initiatives for employment creation. Paris: OECD, 1993. 72 p.
Contents: The influence of structural adjustment on local economies; The contribution of local approaches to business, employment and economic development of local economies; towards a new local and regional policy for the 1990s: strengthening development capacities; New roles and responsibilities for governments.
Abstract: In the last twenty years, OECD member countries have faced a constant and difficult process of structural change which has strongly affected the geographical distribution of economic activities and the growth path of local and regional economies. Two decades of structural reform policies have markedly improved the conditions of economic performance but have not managed to create the conditions for steady growth of employment. A broader view of the problem, emphasizing the importance of economic development and not only of growth is needed. This report takes stock of the influence and relevance of local development efforts in the context of constant structural adjustment and high and lasting unemployment. It seeks to discuss the role and responsibilities of government in fostering development, and to establish some guidelines for action.
OECD. Businesses and jobs in the rural world. Local initiatives for job creation. Paris: OECD, 1992.
Contents (selected): Local economic development in a rural context; Institutional structures to support rural enterprise; Strategies and conditions needed for the promotion of rural entrepreneurship; Technological change in rural areas: implications for employment and local initiatives; The employment possibilities of more environmentally sustainable rural land and resource use.
OECD. Partnerships : the key to job creation : experiences from OECD countries. Local initiatives for employment creation. Paris: OECD, 1993. 136 p.
Abstract: Explores the aims, methods and results of job creation and economic development initiatives conducted in many OECD countries by looking at case studies which cover a wide range of circumstances and responses to problems and give examples of good practice as well as some of the pitfalls encountered in creating jobs.
OECD. The OECD jobs study : facts, analysis, strategies. Paris: OECD, 1994. 50 p.
Contents: Part 1: sets out key facts that depict today's unemployment. Part 2: explains developments, and indicates the main considerations which must underlie the formulation of policy to attack the problem. Part 3: offers a strategy for jobs and detailed policy recommendations.
OECD. Creating employment for rural development : new policy approaches. Paris: OECD, 1995. 130 p.
Contents: Part I - Policy Guidelines; 1 - The context and guidelines for rural employment creation; 2 - Elements of a new strategy for sustainable rural employment creation; 3 - Synthesis and policy directions; Part II - Four policy Elements of Rural Employment Creation; 4 - The contribution of direct aid to reducing unemployment in rural areas (Freshwater); 5 - Indirect policies for rural areas development; 6 - Enhancing human resources in remote and intermediate rural areas - towards a new understanding (Ferrao); 7 - Designing infrastructure policy to create jobs in rural areas (Fox)
Abstract: This study focuses on measures that governments can take to promote employment in rural areas within the context of a broader development strategy. Four policy themes are examined - direct aid, indirect aid, human resources, and infrastructure - their utility in an integrated approach to employment creation is presented. A typology used to analyze the relevance of these policy measures divides rural areas into three categories - remote, intermediate, and economically integrated and suggests how to address these to create the maximum employment enhancement effect.
OECD. Niche markets and rural development: workshop proceedings and policy recommendations. Paris: OECD, 1995. 142 p.
Contents: Part I - Niche market development in rural areas : 1 - Niche markets - their role and impact on rural development, 2 - How to build niche market capacity in rural areas : policy issues; II - Aspects of niche market activities : 3 - Entrepreneurship and management skills among rural producers (Chassagne), 4 - Rural amenities and employment and enterprise creation (Clemenson), 5 - The linkage between niche products and territory (Guerry), 6 - Creating niche markets in a growing sector - rural tourism (Lane), 7 - Income diversification in farm household (Goto)
Abstract: This publication is a compilation of the two principal papers presented, five background papers presented, and the conclusions of a workshop on niche markets as a rural development strategy held in December 1994. The workshop was divided into two sessions that correspond to the first two chapters of the book. The first session discussed the role of niche markets and their impact on rural areas. This session focussed on understanding niche markets and the type of benefits it can bring to rural areas. This included the identification of certain constraints and specificities of these types of goods and services, and their markets. The second workshop session focused on the type of appropriate policies necessary to encourage and facilitate rural niche market activities. Additionally, this session concentrated on the means to implement such policies within the context of broader rural development strategies. Six key areas are identified as important for the success of niche markets, and as areas where the appropriate government policy intervention could prove not only useful, but in some cases essential. The five background papers distributed at the Workshop are provided in Part II of this book. These papers focus on specific aspects of niche market activities and contain examples from OECD countries, topic areas include: entrepreneurship and management skills among rural producers, rural amenities and employment and enterprise creation, linkage between niche products and territory, creating niche markets in the growing rural tourism sector, and income diversification in the farm household.
Perrings, Charles. "Sustainable livelihoods and environmentally sound technology." International Labour Review 133 (3:1994) : 305-326.
Abstract: This article focuses on sustainable livelihoods and environmentally sound technology, two terms introduced in the final text of Agenda 21. It considers both the content of these concepts, and how they might be applied, but begins with an outline of the general concepts of sustainable development and environmental soundness.
Pinter, Laszlo and Peter Hardi.. Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods in arid and semi-arid lands : field guide on indicator selection for local project coordinators. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 9 p.
Abstract: Introduces the concept of indicators, and highlights important aspects of the methods local coordinators can use to identify the most important indicators for their communities.
Pollock Shea, Cynthia. Employment and sustainable development: opportunities for Canada. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 54 p.
Contents (Selected): Sustainable employment generators (Infrastructure improvements, Knowledge access and use, Natural resource protection, use and renewal, Development, commercialization and use of environmental technologies, Service industries); High priority sectors (Retrofitting buildings, Tourism, Renewing forests and forest based communities, Restoring fisheries and promoting aquaculture, Revitalizing agriculture, Materials management and recycling - Edmonton Recycling Society, Environmental technologies, Designing energy efficient and people friendly cities; New approaches to development (Promoting synergies through community economic development - Ecotrust)
Pollock Shea, Cynthia. "Survival with dignity: securing a sustainable future." Making Waves 6 (Spring 1995):1-2.
Abstract: Daily activities should become restorative, and promote ecological integrity, economic vitality, and social bonding. Outlines questions that should be asked when assessing new job creation and employment options to ensure sustainability.
Proceedings...6th International Productivity Symposium, Vancouver, 6th June 1994. Vancouver: The Symposium, 1994. 1v. (loose-leaf)
Contents: Keynote Addresses: Competing in the global economy (Barram). Economic restructuring and employment : what it means for women in developing countries (O'Neil). Manufacturing industries in Japan (Watari). Address of the President of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Trotman). Commerce ACTS : advanced civilian technology strategy (Mitchell). Future prospects for technological development and new dimensions of productivity movement (Morii). Public policies promoting technology and innovation (Oswald). Workshop 2A [on] Human resource development: Du projet...… l'évaluation de la conduite de projet (Guérin). Presentation overheads used by John R. Stepp. Workshop 3A [on] Economic restructuring : social and economic considerations (Allnutt). Presentation by Peter B. Boorsma. Effectiveness in the public sector and its implications for employment security (Gowing). Workshop 4A: A framework for sustainable development (Hanson). Business options to operationalise sustainable development in a global context (North). Green productivity for sustainable development (Shih). Energy and sustainable development (Andersen). Workshop 5A [on] Productivity measurement: Measuring quality in the delivery of service(s) (Fryer).
Rees, William E. "More jobs, less damage : a framework for sustainability, growth and employment." Alternatives 21 (4 1995):24-30.
Abstract: The author shows that current economic models and development policy are biophysically naive and inherently biased against both ecological and social sustainability; and, that ecological economics has greater potential both to place society on a sustainable development path and to create whole new industries and employment opportunities than does the prevailing model.
Renee, J. Keith and Naresh C. Singh. Participatory research for sustainable livelihoods : a guidebook for field projects. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1996. 122 p.
Contents: (Selected) 1 - Introduction; 2 -Project concepts, design, and organization: The eco-system based approach, Participatory approach to research, Terms and concepts, Project stages, Project scope and initial preparation (stage one), Duration or time scale; 3 - Project set-up: Country...site and implementing agency selection (stage two), First workshop (Stage three), Topics for research, Conclusion of workshop one; 4 - preparing for participatory research: Preparing the research team, Literature review, Selection of field research methods - an overview, Indicators: "expert" derived, Preparing the community, Entry points; 5 - Conducting field research: A generic field strategy - the approach, Spatial..time and socio-economic elements, Preliminary synthesis and identification of topics for special investigation, Articulation of adaptive strategies leading to sustainable livelihoods, Indicators; 6 - Policy and process issues: Policy analysis - the second circle, Process - knowledge sharing, local empowerment, and NGO empowerment; 7 - Outputs and follow-up: Community level output, Policy level output, Community follow-up and evaluation, Consolidation and review workshop (Stage five), Conclusion
Abstract: This publication is a guidebook for performing field projects on adaptive strategies. The reader is taken through six stages of project execution. There is a review of the research problematic and the underlying concepts, key theorems and hypothesis. The author provides principles for the selection of countries and NGOs or consultants for field research, and initial preparations for the country projects. The author presents a number of participatory field work methods and techniques, with examples from actual project experiences built into a generic field investigation. Policy analysis is performed as part of project execution, specifically considering socio-economic conditions and the total external environment impinging on the community's livelihood system. The last part of this guidebook discusses the various outputs that are expected from the project and the use of these outputs at local, national, and international levels.
Renner, Michael. Jobs in a sustainable economy. Worldwatch paper no.104. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1991. 58 p.
Contents (selected): Toward a sustainable economy; pollution abatement and control; Energy efficiency and renewables; Recycling materials, retaining jobs; Sustainable forestry: from logging to stewardship; Making the transition.
Renner, Michael. "Creating sustainable jobs in industrial countries." IN State of the World 1992. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1992.
Abstract: Argues that environmental and economic health are interdependent and one can be pursued without imperiling the other. Less damaging ways of producing, consuming, and disposing of goods are completely consistent with the goal of full employment because they tend to be more labour intensive.
Rifkin, Jeremy. The end of work: the decline of the global labor force and the dawn of the post-market era. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995. 350 p.
Abstract: Argues that we are entering a new phase in history-one characterized by the steady and inevitable decline of jobs. Many jobs have disappeared and are never coming back. We must move beyond the delusion of retraining for nonexistent jobs and redefine the role of the individual in a near workerless society. Fresh alternatives to formal work will need to be devised.
Rifkin, Jeremy (et al). "Work : a blueprint for social harmony in a world without jobs." Utne Reader (May-June 1995): 53-69.
Contents: Bound with African-Americans and automation (Rifkin); Less is more : why German autoworker Brigitte Dunst loves her four-day workweek (Dolnick); It's just a matter of time : twentysomethings view their jobs differently than boomers (Wilkinson); What Tepito can teach us : a poor Mexico City neighborhood offers lessons in the economics of community (Esteva)
Rogers, Thomas J. "Case studies on sustainable livelihoods." Earth Ethics (Spring, 1995) : 14-17.
Segal, Jerome M. "Alternatives to the mass consumption society." Report from the Institute for Philosophy & Public Policy 15 (Fall, 1995) : 35-39. 4 p.
SID PIED Workshops on Civil Society and Sustainable Livelihoods held in Asia, Sub-saharan Africa, Latin America and North America. Towards sustainable livelihoods. Rome: Society for International Development, 1996. 168 p.
Contents: (Selected) Sustainable livelihoods: a foundation of just and sustainable societies (Korten); Sustainable livelihoods: a conceptual exploration (Loubser); Rethinking employment : sustainable livelihoods alternatives (Singh); A women's development agenda for the 21st Century (Heyzer); The ongoing debates : what are the real issues? : perspectives of a third world feminist (Antrobus); Women's vision of a just world order (Hunt); Embracing Women's economies in Africa: alternative paths to sustainable livelihoods (Swantz); Economic integration and regional trade agreements : consequences for human security (Porter); Sustainable livelihoods in North America (Clugston, Rogers); African economic development and food security: livelihoods and environment (Mva); Pursuing sustainable development in an unstable environment (Ugwuegbulam); Growth, globalization, and poverty in a developing economy: case of Indonesia (Rachbini); Sustainable livelihoods & debt burden: people's experience in Indonesia (Widagdo); Sustainable livelihoods in the Pacific (Khan); Prospects for sustaining livelihoods: initiatives and experiences of civil society in India (Sugirtharaj); Sustainable livelihoods in Africa: a Ghanaian perspective (Annorbah-Sarpei); Sustainable development through civil society initiatives (Casanova); Sustainable livelihoods : a case study in Brazil (Valente); Jamaica case study on sustainable livelihoods (Harris); Siapa: a Mexican model of a sustainable livelihood endeavor (Tello); Clinch Powell sustainable development forum (Austin); What is community supported agriculture? (En); Case study - food production and sustainable livelihoods in a metropolitan state (Hamm, Baron, Winokur, Hlubik); Swimming upstream: a way of life on the river (Russo); Chesapeake community supported agriculture (CCSA) case study (Russo)
Abstract: This report contains 24 papers most of which were prepared for the four regional workshops on the theme of sustainable livelihoods. The papers centre on three major subject areas: 1) defining sustainable livelihoods; 2) identifying the constraints and barriers to sustaining livelihoods and lastly; 3) case studies from civil society organizations as concrete responses to the problem of social and economic exclusion resulting from lack of adequate and meaningful employment.
Simai, Mihaly (ed) Global employment : an international investigation into the future of work. London: Zed Books, 1995. 2 v.
Contents: (Selected): v.1 Unemployment and the changing labour markets: Fighting unemployment and polarization: investments in adaptive capacity through broad upgrading in skills (Santamaki-Vuori), Patterns of vulnerable labour situations and deprivation (Figueiredo, Rodgers); Women in the labour markets: Gender aspects of employment in a global perspective (Moghadam); Internalization and global responses: The new international competition: effects on employment (Fouquin, Chevallier, Pisani-Ferry), Globalization and the restructuring of the European labour market: role of migration (Overbeek), Employment creation through international cooperation: case studies in rural areas in West Africa (Hasdorf); Role of the United Nations in developing human security (Kirdar)
Abstract: Studies that examine the changing and increasingly interconnected labour markets of the OECD countries, the new market economies in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and the heterogeneous economies of the South. The impact of socio-economic and technological factors and the new division of labour in shaping the internationalization of labour markets is examined, as well as the parts played in this process by global competition, regional economic integration, global sourcing by transnational corporations and the impact of international migration.
Singh, Naresh C. Designing work for sustainability. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 62 p.
Abstract: Second in a series of papers contributed by IISD to the World Summit for Social Development. Discusses issues and proposals on employment and sustainable development strategies.
Singh, Naresh and Laurie Ham (eds). Community-based resources management and sustainable livelihoods: the grass-roots of sustainable development. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 155 p.
Conference: Community-based Resources Management Conference (1995: Winnipeg)
Contents: Community-based resources management and sustainable livelihoods: the grass-roots of sustainable development (Naresh,Ham); Watershed community development - planning for sustainable livelihoods (Oborne); Sustainable livelihoods and the Manitoba Model Forest - a top down initiative to foster bottom-up sustainable resource management at the regional level (Miller); Changing property rights
and the pastoral livelihood in the Kulu Valley, Himalayas, Northwest India (Davidson-Hunt); Managing the commons for sustainable livelihoods - the contract system in rural China (Zhang); Restoring sustainable livelihoods in Lesotho (Letsela); Traditional knowledge as an adaptive strategy for sustainable livelihoods among the Western James Bay Cree (Ohmagari); NGO and community partnerships in support of sustainable livelihoods - notes on rural development in and around Cagayan de Oro, the Philippines (Kucey)
Abstract: The papers in this compendium are the result of some of the presentations made at the Community Based Resource Management Conference hosted by the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Manitoba, 27-29 April, 1995. The selections in this volume discuss community-based resource management and follow four basic themes: (a) a "people approach" to resource management, (b) attention to the local knowledge held by resource users, (c) focus on property rights, and (d) focus on institutions among the users.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala. Evaluating outcomes of sustainable livelihood projects : working paper. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 13 p.
Contents: Introduction; Sustainable livelihood; Sustainable livelihoods and sustainable human development: social experimentation, social innovation, social learning; Some practical aspects of evaluation: selection of evaluation goals, selection of evaluation team, choice of indicators, valuation of indicators, recommendations; Conclusion
Abstract: This working paper has been prepared to help researchers, project managers and project design and evaluation teams operationalize the concepts of sustainable livelihoods, sustainable human development and the changing concepts of capital, i.e., human, human-made, social and natural capital. An evaluation protocol is developed which provides a framework for conducting an evaluation exercise. This framework's focus is primarily in the post-project phase since it evaluates the outcomes of projects and the types of projects under consideration are those which aim to enhance peoples attainment of sustainable livelihoods. The evaluation must identify whether or not the projects bring about any changes (the nature and magnitude of changes), and also whether these changes can be sustained over time (whether or not changes attributable to project outputs are manifested over time, and the magnitude of these changes over time).
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : integrated summary of community and policy issues. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 154 p.
Contents: A synthesis report of a case study of the Bushbuckridge District, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa incorporating lessons learned and policy implication (Gear,Shackleton,Stadler,Jeenes,Pollard); Adaptive strategies for sustainable livelihoods and the policies which influence them in the arid and semi-arid regions in Zimbabwe: a synthesis report (ENDA-Zimbabwe); In search of sustainable livelihoods - adaptive strategies of the poor in the arid and semi-arid lands : KENGO/IISD project - Kenya country case study (Karinge, Kang'ethe); Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Eithiopia - synthesis report of the community strategy studies and policy analysis (IISD,LEM Ethiopia,CARE Ethiopia,Eco-consult,Horn of Africa Centre for Human Environment); Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands in sub-Saharan Africa - Burkina Faso : synthesis report (GREFCO, IISD)
Abstract: This document contains the five integrated summary reports of the IISD-UNDP adaptive strategies project: one each from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Burkina Faso. The reports seek to synthesize the key findings of the community articulated adaptive strategies, potential indicators of sustainable livelihoods, and policy to living on marginal lands. The integrated summaries are intended to provide decision makers with a quick overview of the study communities in each country, key findings and policy implications of the results of this approach to the use of adaptive strategies in search of sustainable livelihoods. While this study focussed on agropastoralists in the arid and semi-arid zones of Africa, the concept and approach should be useful in generating policy and community initiatives in any ecozone.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala, (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : policy issues: Ethiopia. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 46 p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Community level management; Local adaptive strategies: Social and cultural adaptations, Conclusions, The adaptive strategies of the Afar; Development interventions; Chronology of occurrences; Pastoral land tenure - an assessment of legal status, policies and policy outcomes: Legal status of pastoral areas, Policies and policy outcomes; Conclusions and recommendations.
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the policy-level aspects of the project. The document lists the environmental and socio-political stresses on the livelihood systems of the Boran and Afar in southern and north-eastern Ethiopia. The document also lists the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, their relationship with key policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of the adaptive strategies in the two communities.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : policy issues: Burkina Faso. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 15 p.
Contents: (selected) Executive summary; Introduction; Key policy issues and adaptive strategies: Public finances and public enterprise, Decentralization, Trade and price liberalization, Promotion of private sector, The role of the private sector in financing rural development, Social programs, Capacity building, Policies which affect the livestock sector, Intensive agriculture, Cereals, Intensive farming of vegetables, Policies which affect the irrigation infrastructure, Technological research, Noungou, Menegou; Indicators of sustainable development; Conclusions and recommendations: Gradual implementation of policy, Livestock, Vegetable market, Irrigation infra-structure, Adaptive strategies
.
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the policy level aspects of the project, specifically the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of adaptive strategies. Policies which were identified as having had an impact on local adaptive strategies include currency devaluation which affects terms of trade for exports, agricultural policies affecting both arable and livestock production, storage, and marketing; national irrigation schemes, and decentralization efforts. Also important are policies which affect credit supply, as well as research and extension foci. The project set out to identify the adaptive strategies of the poor in the arid and semi-arid lands of Sub-Saharan Africa. In Burkina Faso, the study was conducted in the villages of Noungou and Menegou. Although both are locations which frequently face drought, state investment in irrigation facilities seems to mitigate the adverse impacts of these dry conditions. The adaptive strategies identified included land and natural resource management practices, the adoption of supplemental animal feeding practices, the sale of livestock and garden vegetables, and the formation of local organizations.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : community studies: Ethiopia. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 73 p.
Contents: (selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Objectives, Methodology; The Boran - profile: Geography of the study area, Ecosystem, Natural resource base, Aspects of social organisation, Major stresses on livelihood, Local adaptive strategies, Conclusions; The AFAR - profile: Geography of the study area, Ecosystem, Natural resource base, Aspects of social organisation, Major stresses on livelihood, Local adaptive strategies, Conclusions; National policies that impact on adaptive strategies of the poor in the arid and semi-arid lands of Ethiopia.
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. This report focuses on the community - level aspects of the project, specifically the livelihood systems of the Boran and Afar in southern and north-eastern Ethiopia, the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities. The report also discusses the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Ethiopia.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: community studies: Burkina Faso. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 25 p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction; Noungou: System of land ownership, Religious beliefs, Climate and ecology, Farming methods, Livestock production, Indigenous knowledge and technological innovation, Local organisations, Adaptive strategies; Menegou; Physical characteristics, Traditional institutions and regulations, Adaptive strategies; Some key policy issues: Policies which affect the livestock sector, Intensive agriculture, Cereals, Intensive farming of vegetables, Policies which affect the irrigation infrastructure, Technological research, Noungou; Indicators of sustainable development; Conclusions and recommendations: Gradual implementation of policy, Livestock, Vegetable market, Irrigation infra-structure, Adaptive strategies
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It brings together the community and policy level aspects of the project, specifically the livelihood systems of the village communities of Noungou and Menegou, the environmental and socio-political challenges on their livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, the indicators of sustainable livelihoods, as well as the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Burkina Faso.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods : community studies: Zimbabwe. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 63+ p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Research process and methodology, Lessons learnt; Mudzi district: 1 - Geographical location, 2 - Historical profile of the community, 3 - Rationale for site selection, 4 - Current state of knowledge, 5 - Adaptive and coping strategies, 6 - Community indicators of sustainable livelihoods; Gwanda district : 7 - Geographical location, 8 - Historical profile of the community, 9 - Rationale for site selection, 10 - Current state of knowledge, 11 - Adaptive and coping strategies, 12 - Community indicators of sustainable livelihoods; 13 - Summary and comparison of adaptive strategies in Gwanda and Mudzi; 14 - Empowerment aspects and links of contemporary knowledge
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the community-level aspects of the study, specifically the livelihood systems of Makaha and Mlambaphele in the Mudzi and Gwanda districts, respectively, of Zimbabwe; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities. The report also discusses the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Zimbabwe.
Singh, Naresh and Perpetua Kalala (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: community studies : Kenya. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 64 p.
Contents: Executive summary; 1 - Introduction; 2 - Research process and methodology: Methodology, Process; 3 - Research findings: The Kitengela Maasai community, The Tigania-Meru community; 4 - Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: Analysis of adaptive strategies, Policy and empowerment issues; 5 - Recommendations and conclusions.
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the community - level aspects of the study, specifically the livelihood systems of the Kitengela-Maasai and Tigania-Meru communities; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, the adaptive strategies which have evolved in the face of these stresses, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities.
Singh, Naresh, Perpetua Kalala and Samuel K. Mutiso (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: policy issues: Kenya. Winnipeg, MB: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 56 p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction; ASALs in the national context: Geographic location, Ecological characteristics, ASAL resource base, Features of the ASALs, Traditional systems, Areas of ASAL resource development - strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT), National Priorities in the ASAL; Key policy issues: Macro policy issues, Micro-policy issues; Policy impact in adaptive strategies: Land use and land tenure, Education; Policy Scenarios: Land tenure, Water resources, Vegetation resources, Wildlife and tourism, Livestock resources; Policy monitoring and evaluation: Introduction, Indicators for measurement, means and sources of verification; Summary, conclusion and policy recommendations: Introduction, Land and land tenure, Water resources, Vegetation resources, Livestock, Energy resources, Wildlife and tourism, Dryland farming, Structural adjustment programmes (SAPS)
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to the formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. This report focuses on the policy aspects of the study for the Kenya case study. It reviews and analyses the acts, laws, policies and directives that impinge on adaptive strategies and livelihoods of the communities living in the Arid and Semi-Arid areas in Kenya. It seeks to examine how policy and law as avenues for sustainable livelihoods have facilitated the realization of the objective or inhibited the same. This report represents the first step of a detailed historical policy review and analysis in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Kenya. Twelve areas of ASAL resource development are identified to have a significant impact on the adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods of the communities. These include such areas as: land tenure, poverty, education and training, health care and social services, water, pastures and livestock, wildlife and tourism, infrastructure and enterprise development, and forestry and drought. A parallel community report and synthesized report focusing on two ASAL communities (Maasai, Kitengela in Kajiado District and Lower Tigania, Nyambeni District) is provided. The report has also examined the national priorities and key policy issues in the ASALs and how these impact on the adaptive strategies of the communities. The basic resources of the ASALs include mainly land, water, vegetation, livestock, and wildlife, people and, to a lesser extent, the minerals. These have to be accompanied by the supportive socio-economic infrastructure and conducive policy environment which is expected to enable Adaptive Strategies to lead to sustainable livelihoods.
Singh, Naresh, Perpetua Kalala and Fanuel Nangati (eds). Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods: policy issues: Zimbabwe. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development. 43 p.
Contents: (Selected) Executive summary; Introduction: Land use policy in Zimbabwe (c.1890-1980), Political and socio-economic developments, Ecological zones and some consequences of land-use policy, Land use policy since 1980, Macro-economic and trade developments, Beef export and the Lome Convention, Pricing and marketing measures for crops, Trade liberalization; Policy constraints and challenges; The Makaha case study: Historical profile, Environmental situation, Social environment, Local and policy issues, Rationale for choice of the the area, The current situation, Demographic profile - Mudzi district, Employment opportunities, Crop farming, Mining, Services available, Adaptive strategies in the community; Gwanda district: Historical profile, Challenges, Adaptive strategies for livelihood before independence, Current state of knowledge, Service provision, Ecosystems, Values and beliefs, Common property resource control, Technological innovations, Adaptive and coping strategies; Adaptive strategies, sustainable livelihoods and policy issues; Conclusion
Abstract: This report is a product of a research project that examined what informal knowledge systems in Africa could contribute to formal knowledge systems in the promotion of sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the policy-level aspects of the project, discussing the main policies and institutional arrangements which have impacted the evolution and implementation of these adaptive strategies in Zimbabwe. It also presents summaries of the key community level findings; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems of Makaha and Mlambaphele in the Mudzi and Gwanda districts, respectively, of Zimbabwe; the environmental and socio-political stresses on these livelihood systems, their relationship with sustainable livelihoods and finally, the local indicators of sustainable livelihoods in the two communities.
Singh, Naresh and Mark Hudson. Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods in forest ecosystems. IISD working paper. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 45 p.
Abstract: Describes what is known about the coping and adaptive strategies of the poor in forest ecosystems, how they are affected by government policy, international trade and other external factors, and given this, tries to make some assessment of the sustainability of the various strategies these people follow in earning a living.
Singh, Naresh and Jacqueline Romanow. Adaptive strategies and sustainable livelihoods in agricultural communities. IISD working paper. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 43 p.
Abstract: Focuses on the coping and adaptive strategies of the poor on large agricultural plantations and tries to provide some measure of the sustainability of their livelihood system.
Singh, Naresh and Jacqueline Romanow. Linking Canadian employment and sustainable development policy: working paper. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995. 52 p.
Contents: Introduction : Concepts/definitions, The global workplace: emerging trends; Analysis of existing policy categories : macro foundations, current trends in Canadian employment, government assumptions and forecasts - the annual budget, sectoral policies, international trade policy, social policy; New approaches to policy design : eco-tax reform, cross sectoral analysis - from contradiction to convergence, criteria for sustainable employment policy, evaluative framework; Conclusions : bringing the economy home - the third sector and community economic development.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to begin the transition of the debate at the policy level from jobs versus the environment towards employment and sustainable livelihoods. It seeks to address the issue of sustainable livelihoods and the kind of policy changes which would be required to gradually re-orient our economy away from "jobless growth" to sustainability in the environmental, economic and social realm. The approach used to redesign policy begins with existing employment and sustainable development policies, coordinating and improving them for a more desirable outcome. In order to meet its commitments to Sustainable Development, the government must carefully re-evaluate policies not only in terms of content, but in effect as well. Economic incentives as well as inadequate supports are impeding the economy from becoming competitive in the new global economy. After highlighting problems with old policies, this document offers a framework for discussion as well as provides specific recommendations for the creation of new, synergistic policies which will work to assist the Canadian economy. A re-focusing of economic efforts towards localized small scale business and small local communities is argued.
Singh, Naresh and Vangile Titi. Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands: in search of sustainable livelihoods. IISD working paper. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 31 p.
Abstract: Scopes selected literature on coping and adaptive strategies in arid and semi-arid lands. Discusses the concepts of poverty, impoverishment, sustainable development, sustainable livelihoods and their relevance to the discussion on adaptive strategies. The linkages between indigenous knowledge and coping and adaptive strategies are also discussed.
Singh, Naresh and Vangile Titi. Sustainable livelihoods in Africa: policy and community transition through listening and learning : an interim progress report. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1995.
Abstract: Third in a series of IISD submissions to the preparatory process of the World Summit for Social Development. Builds on the two previous reports and describes some issues of sustainable livelihoods, their relevance to the discussions on employment and their practical implications for poverty alleviation and social integration.
Singh, Naresh C., Vangile Titi and Richard Strickland. Sustainable development and the World Summit for Social Development: conceptual and practical linkages among sustainable development, poverty eradication, productive employment and social integration. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1994. 38 p.
Abstract: First in a series of papers submitted by IISD to the World Summit on Social Development. Intended to assist in the deliberations of the preparatory process
Society for International Development. International conference on sustainable village based development. Boulder, CO: SID, 1993. 5 volumes.
Contents: (selected) Human resource development(Rahman);An experiment in rural development(Kananaikil);Framework of a village based development (VBD) plan(Rahman);Empowerment of women in development(Ranjitkar); The villages in Finland refuse to die(Pietila);Foundations of sustainable development(Gohlert);Women, education and training in Bangladesh(Akter); Accurate assessment of rural people's needs(Haque);Ecological processes and local uses(Miller);Organization theory, political ideology and popular participation(Nartley);Implementing rural drinking water projects in Ghana(Kendie);NGO bilateral funding mechanism(Abeydeera);A cluster development program(Ratnayake); Tribal identity and dignity (Heredia); Participatory integrated rural development (Dubey); Voice of rural and indigenous women of Bangladesh(Ahmad); Indians and Europe (Bronitsky); The role of outsiders in sustainable VBD (Maxwell); Women and technology transfer (Boni); A case study of a religious PVO (Thornbloom); Integrated rural-urban development (Indiresan); Examining the role of the rural non farm economy on farm out-migration in the developing countries (Lima); Reclaiming developments for the people (Vesser); Negotiating sustainable rural development in India (Hasan); The role of women participation in health development programs on child survival (Rusman); A comparative study of aspirations of tribal and nontribal rural farm women (Vyas); Balanced multi-sector development (Ali); Environmental challenges as a basis for new growth in local communities (Kvalvagnaes); Policy environment coordination with government bureaucracies (Iwuagwu); Educational methods used/subject matter areas delivered by extension officers (Ukaga and Yoder); Digital technologies and VBD(Woods); Local people and resources as catalysts to improve maternal and child health (King-Dagen and Garay); A case study in community banking(Brown and Doub); Implications of a Western Samoan case for a general model of sustainable VBD (Paulson); Women micro-entrepreneurs in Botswana (Sunny); Mother appropriate technology (Shaffer); Development of human resources through livestock projects (Shumaker); Education, development and peace: a pedagogy for the poor (Udayakumar); A comparative assessment of five NGO microenterprise credit agencies in Jamaica (Honig); Village participation and farmer's response to the green revolution in Ghana (Alexander);Women and shelter strategies at the community level in urban informal settlements (Kyamanywa); Rhetoric and reality (Paudyal); Cooperatives and communities in rural development (Levi);Indigenous agroecological knowledge( Moseley); Design and operation of sustainable local irrigation organizations (Freeman); Alternative energy sources to alleviate some rural development problems in Sudan (Arackal);Energy for sustainable VBD(Jantzen); Sustainable rural prosperity through science, eco-economics and empowering education (Dharmadhikari); Village-based forest management (Krishnaswamy); Shantytown women (Young); Using tradition to empower women in the development process(Dorsey); A new paradigm of wholesome development(Wakhlu); Agroecology (Kattzir); Family as a basis of sustainable VBD (Joseph);Effective integration of urban-rural socio-economic development (Sharif); Ethical energy policy for the developing world (Daigle); Problems hindering community deforestation in Benin (Simsik); Employment creation and poverty alleviation...through micro-enterprise development in rural areas (Hye); Energy resources allocation in rural industrialization in Ghana (Ampofo and Hosier); Role of industrial design in sustainable VBD (Kulkarni and Ranade); Empowering women through income-generating projects(Sinha); Agenda for global sustainable agriculture (Vallianatos); Making foreign aid more relevant and effective (Hyman); Land, water use and wastelands development (Dharia); The contribution of participatory evaluation (Rugh); Evaluating alternative development (Bartlett); Alternative Third World rural development (Bartlett); Constructing poverty indices(Cardiff); Emerging paradigm shift in development (Menon); Sustainable industrial development and environmental pollution (Quinn); What Appalachia has learned about rural development (Cirillo); Sustainable End Hunger Foundation (Akpalu); Disasters and development (Stephenson and Thompson); Save a family plan's sustainable development (Mukkattu); Strengthening the village entrepreneur (Olutimayin); Is the iron law of oligarchy rusting away (Fisher); Integrating technology and sociology(Jadhav); Sustainability of food aid based development approach (Miyan); Attitudes to policy integration for environmental conservation and development (Neupane); Impact of women's equality rights on development (Tatten); Cooperatives and local development(Levi); Community banking(Banugire); Reducing rural poverty (Muthukumarana);Grass-roots participation (Heredero); Sustainable tribal development (Prabhu); Integrated village development (Ortega); Village determined needs and priorities(Anwar); Education for the informal (Kapanda); Cultural and environmental sustainability in an evolving landscape (Leon);
Society for International Development. Civil society and sustainable livelihoods workshop report: Mexico City, April 6-9, 1994. Rome: SID, 1994. 60 p.
Contents: Sustainable livelihoods: redefining the global social crisis (Korten); Looking back from 2003 (Gilman); India 2019: looking back to the journey forward (Kothari); A social economy: the emerging scenario for change (Singh); Just say no - enough (Esteva); Strategies for community economic and social transformation (Roxas).
Toronto. Healthy City Toronto. A strategy for developing healthy city indicators. Toronto: Healthy City Toronto, 1994. 101 p.
Contents: Appendix has Catalogue of selected indicators (encompassing sustainability, equity and empowermen